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Recent Submissions
EFFICACY OF INTEGRATED YOGA AS AN EFFECTIVE NON-INVASIVE THERAPY IN THE MANAGEMENT OF HYPOTHYROIDISM IN ADULTS – A TELE-YOGA PROGRAM
(S-VYASA, 2026) SAVITHRI NILKANTHAM; AMIT KUMAR SINGH; VIJAYA MAJUMDHAR
Background: Thyroid dysfunction significantly impacts quality of life, with hypothyroidism
recognized as a major public health concern due to its physical and psychological effects. It results
from reduced secretion of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), hormones essential for regulating
metabolic and physiological functions. Conventional management with levothyroxine (LT4)
effectively restores hormone levels but may not fully address quality-of-life impairments or long-term
side effects. Complementary approaches such as yoga, Ayurveda, and meditation have shown promise
in improving endocrine function via neuroendocrine modulation.
Aim: To evaluate the effect of a Scientific Yoga Module (SYM), delivered through telehealth, as an
adjunct to LT4 therapy in the management of hypothyroidism.
Methods: A two-phase study was conducted. In Phase I, a tele-yoga SYM was developed from
classical and modern literature targeting the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis. Expert validation
using Lawshe’s CVR method (cut-off 0.29) finalized 24 of 31 practices for digital delivery, which
were found feasible and safe in community testing.
In Phase II, a single-blind, two-arm, parallel-group randomized controlled trial was conducted over
six months (April–September 2022) with 134 clinically diagnosed hypothyroid patients. Participants
were randomized into a Yoga Intervention Group (YIG) and Waitlist Control Group (WCG). Primary
outcome was Quality of Life (SF-36 HRQoL), and secondary outcomes included thyroid profile, BMI,
blood pressure, perceived stress, fatigue, and personality measures. Data were analyzed using GLM
with repeated measures ANOVA.
Results: YIG showed highly significant improvements across all SF-36 domains (P<.001), especially
in mental health, vitality, and emotional role functioning (ŋ² = 0.85–0.88). Secondary measures also
improved significantly (P<.05). YPA scores and participant satisfaction were high (95.05%).
Conclusion:
Tele-yoga SYM as an adjunct to LT4 therapy significantly enhanced physiological and psychological
outcomes, establishing its efficacy as a scalable, patient-centered eHealth approach for
hypothyroidism management.
Keywords – Hypothyroidism, Tele-yoga, digital health, Scientific Yoga Module (SYM), Health
Related-Quality of Life (HRQoL), Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT).
Trial Registration:
Clinical Trial Registry of India (https://ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials) CTRI/2022/03/041047.
CHANGES IN PREFRONTAL OXYGENATION, CARDIAC ACTIVITY AND EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS FOLLOWING MIND SOUND RESONANCE TECHNIQUE
(S-VYASA, 2026) SUSHANTA KUMAR MOHANTY; AMIT KUMAR SINGH; DEEPESHWAR SINGH
BACKGROUND
Mind is a conglomeration of thoughts that are manifest and unmanifest either in a conscious
state or subconscious state. Repetitive thought patterns are a reaction to mental and breathing
imbalances, which leads to psychological and emotional imbalances as well as physical
disturbances such as abnormalities in heart rate, brain oxygenation, and cognition, as well as
the emergence of numerous diseases. The main principles of cognition include executive
functions, memory, attention, and thought processes. Cognitive disruption affects memory,
focus, and attention.
College student exhibit increased aggression due to academic stress, competition, time
management, and financial concerns, which impact their psychological, physiological, and
cognitive functions. Over the previous decade, college students have shown increased
psychological distress, sadness, and anxiety. A poll of Australian tertiary students revealed
that 65% experienced severe or very high psychological anguish, while 35.4% contemplated
self-harm or suicide. In a sample of university students in Turkey, 27.1% exhibited
depression, 47.1% experienced anxiety, and 27% reported stress. Furthermore, 30% of
Canadian undergraduate students exhibited psychological difficulties, while 41.9% of
Malaysian medical students were identified with emotional illnesses. Depression, anxiety,
and stress were more prevalent in Asian countries than in other nations. Research in India
indicated that medical students experienced elevated levels of depression, anxiety, and stress
at rates of 51.3%, 66.9%, and 53%, respectively.
Research indicates that stressors that college students encounter may serve as indicators of
mental health diagnoses. Poor mental health can result in a variety of adverse effects, such as
communal separation, difficulty concentrating in the classroom, regular attendance,
assignment completion, and overall well-being. This can result in squandered opportunities
and, ultimately, a diminished sense of self-worth.
Moreover, other risk factors for cognitive impairment in individuals with poor mental health
were found, including hypertension and depression. Neuroimaging research indicates that compromised mental health correlates with irregularities in both functional and structural
connections of the brain, resulting in cognitive impairment. Research indicates that, even in
the initial phases of cognitive loss, distinct abnormalities in cerebral hemodynamics and
oxygenation parameters were seen. Research on heart rate variability has demonstrated that
mental health correlates with irregularities in sympathetic and parasympathetic activity.
Working memory, a cognitive capacity that allows for the active retention and manipulation
of information, is a fundamental component of the human memory system and is associated
with other cognitive abilities, including attention, executive function, verbal memory, and
information processing speed. In addition to pharmaceuticals, non-pharmacological
interventions such as physical exercise, yoga, computer-based training, nutrition, brain
stimulation, sleep, and music are increasingly significant in addressing cognitive deficiencies.
Meditation has emerged as a prominent non-pharmacological method, earning global
recognition as a form of complementary and alternative medicine, with its therapeutic
advantages being investigated across diverse clinical situations.
The Mind Sound Resonance Technique (MSRT) is a sound-based meditation method that
employs mantras to create resonance, facilitating profound relaxation for both the mind and
body. The Mind Sound Resonance Technique (MSRT) has demonstrated a beneficial impact
on all facets of mental and physical health. Furthermore, it has been shown to lower blood
pressure, heart rate, tension, anxiety, and depression, while simultaneously improving self
esteem in both clinical and non-clinical groups. Research indicates that MSRT reduces state
anxiety, enhances psychomotor performance, and elevates cognitive capabilities, including
sustained attention and information processing speed. Notwithstanding these encouraging
results, the correlation between prefrontal oxygenation, psychophysiological alterations, and
mental health remains inadequately investigated. The current study is to assess the effects of
a one-month MSRT practice on prefrontal oxygenation, heart rate variability, cognitive
function, and its association with mental health in college students. This research aims to
address the gap by investigating how prefrontal oxygenation and psychophysiological
alterations generated by MSRT can enhance overall mental well-being. We posited that one
month of MSRT practice could enhance prefrontal oxygenation, heart rate variability,
cognitive function, and mental well-being.
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A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF YOGIC COUNSELLING MODULE ON PSYCHO- SOCIAL WELL-BEING OF ADOLESCENTS WITH COGNITIVE DISTORTION
(S-VYASA, 2026) RAJESH RAO K; SATYA PRAKASH PUROHIT
BACKGROUND
Adolescence is a critical developmental stage characterized by significant physical, emotional,
and social transformations, including identity formation and increased sensitivity to societal
expectations. In India, this phase is compounded by academic pressures and family
expectations, often leading to psycho-social challenges. Research reveals a high prevalence of
mental health issues among Indian adolescents, with 23.33% facing mental health challenges
and 7.3% experiencing mental disorders, particularly in urban areas. These challenges are
closely linked to cognitive distortions, which are irrational thought patterns such as mind
reading, personalization, and catastrophizing. These distortions contribute to emotional
distress, anxiety, stress, and depression. Beck’s cognitive theory connects these distortions to
the onset of depression, highlighting adolescents' vulnerability. Additionally, cultural stigma
and limited access to mental health services often worsen the issue, leaving many adolescents
to cope in isolation. To address these concerns, holistic interventions targeting psycho-social
and cognitive aspects are crucial. This study introduces the Yogic Counselling Module (YCM),
derived from ancient Indian scriptures, as a framework for fostering emotional regulation, self
awareness, and adaptive coping strategies. The theoretical foundation integrates Social
Learning Theory (SLT) proposed by Bandura and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT),
proposed by Beck. The SLT emphasizes learning through observation and positive
reinforcement to improve stress management and self-esteem.
The Western psychological approach of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) focuses
on identifying and restructuring negative thought patterns, a concept that aligns closely with
yogic principles such as self-reflection and contemplation. In yoga, Svadhyaya (self-study) and
Mananam (reflection) mirror the techniques used in CBT to correct thinking errors. Through
the exploration of constructs like Manas (Mind) and Ahamkara (Ego), adolescents can
critically assess their mental processes and behaviors, fostering self-awareness and emotional
regulation.
Ancient Indian scriptures, including the Patanjali Yoga Sutras and the Bhagavad Gita,
provide additional tools for addressing cognitive distortions, further aiding emotional
regulation. These texts promote self-awareness, resilience, and mindfulness, which adolescents
can apply to manage mental health challenges such as stress and anxiety. The Yogic
Counselling Module (YCM) aims to integrate these principles through guided reflection on
yogic teachings to correct cognitive distortions and enhance psycho-social well-being,
including resilience and emotional regulation. By merging modern therapeutic frameworks
with traditional yoga philosophy, YCM offers a holistic approach to addressing the psycho
social challenges adolescents face today.
AIMS-AND-OBJECTIVES
AIM OF THE STUDY
To develop aYogic Counselling Module (YCM) and evaluate its impact on the psychosocial
well-being of adolescents, particularly in relation to cognitive distortion.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1. To develop a Yogic Counselling Module (YCM) focused on improving psychosocial
well-being among adolescents.
2. To evaluate the efficacy of YCM on the psychosocial well-being of adolescents through a
pilot study.
3. To assess the effect of YCM on cognitive distortion, stress, self-esteem, mindfulness,
mental well-being, resilience, depression, anxiety, and emotional regulation at three time
points: pre-intervention, post-intervention, and follow-up.
4. To evaluate the impact of YCM on observed behaviours in the classroom (obedience,
attention, punctuality) and at home (through teachers’ and parents’ observations).
5. To examine the correlations among the primary variable (cognitive distortions) and
secondary variables (stress, self-esteem, mindfulness, mental well-being, resilience,
depression, anxiety, and emotional regulation).
6. To document recommendations to address cognitive distortion through yogic
counseling as requested by the Ethics committee.
METHODS
PARTICIPANTS
A total of 83 participants were recruited in the present study, with an age group of 13-18
years. All recruited adolescent participants were from an educational institution in
Bengaluru. The recruited participants were allocated into two groups, the Yogic
Counselling group (YCM) and Control group (CG) with YCM (n= 41) and CG (n= 42)
participants. The adolescents who could read and write in English, had no prior counseling
experiences, and were willing to participate were included in the present study. The
adolescents who had earlier psychological issues, chronic illness, or head injuries were
excluded from the study.
EFFICACY OF THREE-MONTH YOGA INTERVENTION ON THE MANAGEMENT OF TYPE 1 DIABETES - A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL
(S-VYASA, 2026) SONU MAURYA; SUCHITRA S PATIL; AMIT KUMAR SINGH
BACKGROUND
The chronic autoimmune disease known as type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is brought on by
the death of the pancreatic β cells that produce insulin, which results in insulin insufficiency
and hyperglycemia. Although it can occur at any age, children and adolescents are most likely
to experience it. T1DM, which has increased over the past 25 years, affects about 10% of all
diabetics globally. In 2021, 8.4 million persons worldwide were forecast to have type 1 diabetes
mellitus (T1DM); by 2040, that number is expected to rise to 13.5–17.4 million. The 10th
edition of the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) reports that the number of children and
adolescents worldwide who have type 1 diabetes is on the rise. The rising prevalence of Type
1 diabetes will also lead to other comorbidities (Zaharia et al., 2022), which are associated with
a socioeconomic burden in developing nations (Andersen et al., 2024), thereby increasing the
demand for complementary therapies, such as yoga, which can help manage T1DM and related
comorbidities. Also, this rising burden of diabetes globally as well as in India, fuelled by
lifestyle factors and stress, increases the demand for therapies like yoga, which aids in the
reduction of psychological burden (Nagarathna et al, 2020). T1DM patients who follow strict
glycaemic control plans are more likely to experience severe hypoglycaemic episodes, which
are typified by the requirement for outside help to restore glucose levels. (Gubitosi et al., 2017).
In certain situations, hyperglycemia can cause tissue and organ damage over time. More severe
types of diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar can also result in stupor and coma. (Alyahyawi
et al, 2021). According to interesting research, yoga therapy also improves pro-inflammatory
markers such as Interleukin-6 (IL-6) (Raveendran et al, 2018), C Reactive Protein (CRP)
(Kinser et al, 2012), highly sensitive CRP (hs-CRP) (Saud et al, 2022), and the incretin effect
through glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). These findings support the mechanism of action of
yoga therapy in the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes.
Clinical problems like heart disease have been reported to improve with yoga.Quintão et al,
2015 & Cui et al, 2017) hypertension (Galantino et al, 2008) Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)
(Cui et al, 2017) endocrine disorders (Innes et al, 2016) depression (Jw V et al, 2002)
musculoskeletal disorders (Quintão et al, 2015) etc. Studies show the therapeutic benefits of
yoga for children as well (Cox et al, 1987). Numerous studies assessed the yoga benefits for the T2DM population (Abdul-Rasoul et al, 2013 & Al-Abdulrazzaq et al, 2022) but due to
limited research on adolescents with T1DM, we proposed this study.
According to recent research, yoga practice has a positive impact on glycated hemoglobin and
the quality of life for teenagers with type 1 diabetes. There is not randomized control research
available yet, though. We looked at how yoga interventions affected the quality of life and
glycated hemoglobin levels in teenagers with type 1 diabetes.
AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
Aim of the study:
To evaluate the impact of a three-month yoga intervention on glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c)
and quality of life in teenagers with type 1 diabetes by conducting a randomized controlled trial
Objective of the study:
By evaluating the effects of yoga on participants with type 1 diabetes's HbA1c, average blood
glucose, quality of life, depression, and fear of hypoglycemia in the yoga intervention group
and control group, the study sought to assess the benefits of yoga for these individuals.
METHOD
Study Design: Two steps were taken to conduct the study.
Step 1. Development of a yoga module
The YM was designed after a comprehensive literature review of ancient literature and modern
science, targeting glycemic control and pancreas activation at functional and 41 yogic practices
for type 1 diabetes. The recommended practices were then validated by 20 experts from various
fields of yoga science, therapy, and research for further review and endorsement. Out of 41
practices, 32 practices were finalized using Lawshe’s formula with a CVR cut-off at 0.4,
suitable for the module of teaching. Further, a feasibility test was conducted in a hospital set
up by an expert, offline, for six days a week for three months. The study confirmed the
feasibility of the yoga module tested through offline about regularity and ease of practice, the
efficacy of the Module, and construct satisfaction, and reported no adverse events during
feasibility testing.
Step 2: Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)
Participants: Conducted a single-blinded, two-arm, parallel-group randomized controlled
trial. We recruited the participants through Ramakrishna Mission Sevashram Charitable
Hospital. The screening and recruitment process, as well as the selection, were initiated in
December 2021 for a one-month intervention that was scheduled to begin in January 2022 and
end in March 2022. The trial was conducted on 92 patients [mean age, 13.35 SD 2.41 years]
with clinical type 1 diabetes randomized to either an adjunct yoga intervention or usual care.
Intervention: To acquaint them with the module, the yoga intervention group got YM offline
in the hospital for three months under the guidance of a skilled yoga therapist. During the trial
time, the control group was observed and instructed not to begin a yoga practice routine. Every
subject was evaluated twice, namely before and after the trial.
Measure: Data were collected for the primary biochemical test of type 1 diabetes [ glycated
hemoglobin and Average blood glucose] along with secondary measures of daily insulin
requirements, PedsQL-3.0, PedsQL-4.0, Kutcher Adolescent Depression Scale, and Fear of
Hypoglycemia questionnaire.
Statistical analysis: The investigation was conducted using the Statistical Package for Social
Sciences (SPSS) version 23.0. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to determine whether
continuous variables were normal. To illustrate baseline attributes, we employed descriptive
statistics with a mean (standard deviation) or number (percentages). Additionally, within-group
and between-group comparisons were conducted using parametric or non-parametric tests,
depending on the data distribution. A paired sample t-test and Wilcoxon’s signed-rank test were
used to find within-group differences for average and non-normal data, respectively.
Independent sample t-test and Mann-Whitney’s test will determine the group differences.
Results: Comparing the yoga intervention group to the control group after the intervention, the
results show a significant improvement in both major and secondary variables, with statistical
significance at P <.001.
Conclusion: Among teenagers with type 1 diabetes, the three-month adjuvant yoga
intervention was linked to better glycaemic control and quality of life.
Keywords: Type 1 diabetes; Yoga; Glycated hemoglobin; hypoglycemia
A COMPARISON OF HIGH FREQUENCY YOGA BREATHING (HFYB) WITH BREATH AWARENESS (BAW) AND AEROBIC EXERCISE ASSESSING NEUROPLASTICITY BY GAMMA OSCILLATION, BDNF LEVELS, AND COGNITIVE TASK PERFORMANCE.
(S-VYASA, 2026) BUDHI BAL RANA; DEEPESHWAR SINGH
BACKGROUND:
Cognitive task performance is generally accompanied by increased sympathetic nervous system
(SNS) activity, regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), brain oscillations, and elevated brain-derived
neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels. Cognitive abilities such as working memory (WM) are essential
for daily functioning and are also critical for higher-order processes, including planning and
problem-solving.
AIM:
The study aims to assess the effect of Kapalabhati or high-frequency yoga breathing (HFYB)
on BDNF levels, gamma brain oscillations, and performance in one cognitive task, compared
with running and breath awareness (BAW).
METHODS:
Participants: Forty-eight yoga practitioners, aged 18 to 35 years, were recruited for the study.
Participants having more than 6 months of yoga experience are willing to participate in the
study and adhere to the study’s protocols. Male subjects alone were studied, as some studies
have found that female autonomic, cognitive functions, and respiratory variables can be
modulated by the phases of the menstrual cycle.
Design: The study was a 3-arm randomized controlled trial with assessments conducted at the
beginning and immediately after HFYB, including running and breath awareness exercises.
Assessment: The pre- and post-assessments included cognitive function (working memory or
N-back task), Cardiorespiratory/autonomic variables (Heart rate variability, energy
expenditure, and metabolic rate), biochemical measurements (BDNF level), and Brain waves
or oscillations (electroencephalography-EEG).
Intervention: Participants received a 15-day orientation to ensure uniformity in practice. The
Kapalabhati group practiced HFYB for 15 minutes (three rounds of 5 minutes each, with a 1
minute break in between). The running and breath awareness groups followed the same schedule
for an equal duration.
RESULT:
The running group exhibited continuous parasympathetic withdrawal in both pre-WM and post
WM periods (p < 0.01). In the HFYB group, parasympathetic withdrawal was observed during pre
WM and practice; however, parasympathetic activity was re-established post-WM, suggesting a
modulatory effect. WM accuracy improved in all groups (p < 0.05), while reaction time decreased
(p < 0.05). A statistically significant increase in BDNF levels (p < 0.01) was observed only in the
HFYB group, with no significant changes in the others. The running group showed significant
increases in metabolic rate and energy expenditure (p < 0.05) in both within- and between-group
comparisons.
Spectral analysis revealed a significant increase in alpha waves in the frontal region (p < 0.05) and
gamma power (p < 0.05) during HFYB practice. HFYB also showed significant changes across the
frontal, temporal, and occipital regions.
CONCLUSION:
The findings suggest that HFYB can modulate vagal tone and parasympathetic activity while
improving working memory performance. The parasympathetic reactivation observed may be
cardioprotective, thereby promoting better health and longevity. Spectral analysis also showed
enhanced alpha power in the frontal region and increased gamma oscillations in the fronto
temporal-occipital regions, indicating that HFYB may improve higher cognitive functions by
increasing cortical activity. Thus, HFYB may serve as a cost-effective, neuroprotective practice for
promoting cognitive health.
Keywords: High frequency yoga breathing, Heart rate variability, working memory, Brain
derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), brain oscillation.