G.Yoga Theses PhD.
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Yoga Theses by Yoga PhD Students at SVYASA. These pages present some efforts at Scientific Validation of Yoga. You may receive full text of available yoga research papers
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Item Role of Yoga and its possible mechanism behind the psychophysiological outcomes in elderly - A Randomized control trial(SVYASA, 2023-01-07) Shree Ganesh H. R.; Subramanya Pailoor; Raghavendra RaoBACKGROUND The ageing process is a biological reality which has its own dynamic progression, usually associated with degenerative changes, loss of role and functionality and an increasing prevalence for chronic non communicable diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, arthritis, cancer, dementia, Parkinson’s etc. Lifestyle approaches such as yoga would therefore mitigate disability and prevent NCD’s. This study aims to evaluate the effects of yoga in reducing stress and improving performance in elderly. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES Aim: To evaluate the effects on possible mechanism behind the integrated yoga practice on psychophysiological outcomes in elderly population. Objectives: To evaluate the effects of yoga on perceived stress, quality of life, sleep, mood, heart rate variability, spinal flexibility, muscle strength in elderly. METHODS Participants Elderly subjects willing to undergo yoga class for three months conducted by Divine Park Trust, Saligrama, Udupi and Kundapura. Subjects will be referred from both primary care physicians and bill board flyers inviting participants to enrol in a lifestyle program to improve their health. Design The proposed study design is a parallel, prospective, waitlisted, randomized controlled trial with 1:1 allocation ratio. Patients will be randomized into intervention arm and control arm. vii Assessments: Primary Outcomes: 1. Quality of Life using older people’s quality of life questionnaire 2. Changes in Heart rate variability Secondary Outcomes 1. Spinal flexibility assessed by Sit and Reach Test 2. Calf muscle strength assessed using and Back and leg dynamometer 3. Hand Grip strength assessed using Hand grip Dynamometer 4. Self-reported depression using Geriatric Depression Scale 5. Insomnia using Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index 6. Stress level using Perceived Stress Scale 7. Constipation using Patient Assessment of Constipation Quality of Life Intervention: The Yoga intervention comprises of Physical postures, Pranayama (controlled breathing), Meditation & Relaxation & will be given under the guidance of an institutionally certified Yoga therapist. The physical postures consist of preliminary stretching exercises followed by breathing practices and asana in four categories (standing, sitting, prone, and supine). RESULTS: Yoga group showed significant reduction (expressed as significance) in all the variables of frequency domain of heart rate variability, LF, HF and LF/HF (p<0.05). All the domains of quality of life were depicted to have a significant improvement in yoga group after a 12 week intervention when compared to control group. (p=0.001). viii Also, perceived stress, depression, spinal flexibility and calf muscle strength was improved in when compared with control group in both between and within group analysis (p=0.001). All the domains of sleep quality and constipation related Quality of life, Hand grip strength and VAS scores depicted an improvement in the yoga group (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The improvement in the quality of life and autonomic function in elderly was mediated by reduction in stress and improvement in their physical and psychological well-beingItem Efficacy of yoga based lifestyle in intervention on acute phase insulin release in pre-diabetes : Randomized active control trial(SVYASA, 2023-01-04) Jintu Kurian; Ramesh M. N.BACKGROUND Pre-diabetes or impaired fasting glucose is a preliminary stage for the onset of Type 2 Diabetes with fasting glucose in the range of 100-125 mg/dl, post prandial blood glucose 140-199 mg/dl and glycated hemoglobin ranging between 5.6-6.4%. Triggers for pre diabetes are defective Glucose stimulated insulin release, insulin secretory defect and impaired incretin effect, all of which adversely affect the beta cell activity thereby hiking blood glucose beyond normal threshold. However, one of the not widely known reasons is abolished acute phase insulin release also known as first phase insulin release. Post glucose uptake, insulin is released in two phases: acute phase and sustained phase. Among individuals with normal glucose tolerance, during the acute phase, insulin level spikes to a maximum from 5 th to 10 th minute, after which the level falls back to baseline reading. This is followed by the second phase also known as sustained phase insulin release (SIR) where the increase is more gradual and lasts to 2 or in certain cases even for 3 hours. Abolished acute phase insulin release when left unaddressed results in pre-diabetes and within 1-10 years leads to the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Also, by the time individual gets detected with T2DM several of the known complications of diabetes would have set in. Previous studies have shown significant reduction in risk of pre-diabetes converting to full blown diabetes with Yoga. Also improved Vagal tone and incretin effect have been associated with improved insulin acute phase insulin secretion. This study outlines the comparative effect of yoga and physical activity on improving Acute Phase Insulin Release (AIR) in pre-diabetes. AIM AND OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to assess the impact of yoga and walking on acute phase insulin release and the mechanism of action of the interventions on pre-diabetes reversal or management THE OBJECTIVES WERE a. To examine the impact of yoga and walking on acute phase insulin release and related hormonal measures like C Peptide, GLP-1 and pro-insulin vi b. To understand the mechanism of action of Yoga on the AIR c. To know how Yoga and walking helps in reversing pre-diabetes to normal METHOD Participants A total of seventy-five (n=75) adults with pre-diabetes were identified from among interested volunteers (N=307) screened from urban part of Bangalore, India. Screening for pre-diabetics was done based on the Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG), Body mass index and Indian Diabetes Risk Scores (IDRS). Out of the total identified people with pre-diabetes (n=75), more than half of the adults (n=42) fitting into the inclusion exclusion criteria who had consented to take part were randomized and recruited into Yoga (n=20) and active control group (n=22). Design Randomized active control trail Assessments Oral glucose tolerance test was performed at baseline and post the intervention period. Variables assessed before and after the intervention are: • Serum Insulin and c-peptide (measured at 10 time points at regular intervals from 0 th minute to 90 th minute (0,3,5,7,10,15,30,45,60 and 90 th minute) post oral intake of diluted (75grams of glucose in 220ml of water) glucose). • Serum GLP-1 (at 0 th minute blood sample) • Pro-insulin (at 0 th minute blood sample) • Heart rate variability • Kidney function test, • Liver function test • Lipid profile • Psychological variables: Perceived stress scale (PSS-10), patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9) and MOS sleep quality index (MOS-SS-12). vii Intervention Standardized Integrated Approach of Yoga Therapy (IAYT) module for type 2 diabetes was administered for 1 hour a day for 5 days a week for 3 months for participants in the Yoga group (YG). Active control group (CG) were monitored for 45 minutes of moderate pace walking a day for five days (220 minutes a week) for three months. RESULTS More than half (n=13, 68%) of the subjects of Yoga group had come back to normoglycemia while a little more than one-fourth (n=5, 26%) remained as pre-diabetes and, one of the subjects (n=1, 5.3%) had turned to type 2 diabetes post the intervention period. In the Control group, only one subject (n=1, 5%) returned to normoglycemia. While less than half of the subjects could retain their glycemic status in pre-diabetes range (n=10, 45%), more than half of the subjects (n=9, 50%) turned out to be type 2 diabetes during the post interventional assessment. In addition, this study showed revival of abolished acute phase insulin release (at 10 minute), which was supported by a comparable pattern of change in the of C Peptide levels. The parameters of HRV (heart rate, RMSSD, HF, LF, LF/HF) when correlated with perceived stress, showed a significant correlation of data of both the yoga and walking group. The correlation result showed the impact of reduced stress on improved function of cardiac autonomic variables. However, the change was found to be much better in yoga group than among the individuals of control group. Also, Yoga group participants showed a significant improvement in the GLP-1, pro-insulin and proinsulin/insulin ratio providing further credence to observed improvement in insulin levels, indicating the mechanism by which the yoga worked. Further supporting evidence was also implied from improved mood and sleep quality assessments in the subjects of Yoga group. Nineteen in yoga and 20 in active control group completed the study. CONCLUSION Yoga intervention was found effective than walking in preventing or delaying the conversion of pre-diabetes to diabetes. Also, all the parameters related to insulin dynamics showed significantly favorable change along with autonomic assessments and stress levels in the Yoga group. This is the first study elucidating the mechanism of action of Yoga in preventing conversion from pre-diabetes to diabetes at the same time providing assurance viii for adopting Yoga for either remission of pre-diabetes or prevention and delaying the onset of type 2 diabetes. Keywords: Pre-diabetes; Yoga; Walking; Acute phase insulin release, Impaired fasting glucose; BMI; diabetes prevention; prevalence; Diabetes risk reduction; Prevention of diabetes Abbreviations: PDM: Pre-diabetes; T2DM: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus; BMI: Body Mass Index; I: Insulin; CP: C-peptideItem Development and psychometric validation of the music receptivity scale(SVYASA, 2022-12-22) Mahesh George; Judu IlavarasuIntroduction One of the most quoted definitions of Yoga is ‘yujyate anena iti yogaù’. Here, ‘Yuj’ in Sanskrit means ‘to Yoke’ or to unite. Here it refers to the union of the jévätmä (individual soul) with the paramätmä (the supreme soul). Music in it true sense is said to be the union of shruti and laya. The perfect union of shruti and laya renders the listeners in a meditative trance provided they submit themselves to the music. Flow experiences (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990) are quite common in music practice, performances and composition. The novel construct introduced in this study focuses on an individual’s experience listening to a given piece of music; the focus is on how he internalizes a given piece of music. ‘Flow’ experiences may occur quite often when an individual internalizes a given piece of music to a great extent. In this study, we proposed and developed a construct, Music Receptivity and further constructed a psychometric instrument called Music Receptivity Scale (MRS), field-tested it and data analysis revealed good psychometric properties. Literature review Ancient scriptures were reviewed which unraveled various aspects of music and how music could be used as a tool for personal and spiritual upliftment. Further, scientific literature review revealed multiple studies that focused on musical engagement, musical aptitude etc. Multiple psychometric instruments are available which measures the trait aspects predominantly, of music listening and engagement. Hence, we clearly saw a lacunae for state measuring instruments in music listening. However, these studies gave us rich inputs while developing the Music Receptivity Scale (MRS). Aim To develop an instrument to measure music receptivity in the context of Indian music. Objectives 1. To construct an instrument to measure music receptivity by item generation and validation. iii 2. To test and validate the instrument amongst different individuals in the context of Indian music. 3. To find out the validity of the developed instrument (in a bhajan setup) amongst yoga population. Methods Participants For phase 1 of the study, with the aim of generating items for the instrument, we approached music experts from the department of music, University of Kerala and also Sree Swathi Tirunal College of Music, Trivandrum, for in-depth unstructured interviews. Data redundancy was reached by the 7th interview. Further we approached another 7 experts from the field of music for a Focus Group Discussion, from above-mentioned two colleges. For phase 2, we approached two colleges, one was Marian Engineering College, Trivandrum and the other was Immanuel College, Vazhichal. We conducted the pilot study with 63 individuals from Marian Engineering College and field-testing of the tool with 212 individuals from the same college. Additionally we conducted field-testing with 101 individuals from Immanuel College, Vazhichal. Further, we field-tested the tool with 44 musicians from the Department of Music, University of Kerala. In order to validate the MRS among the Yoga population, we selected 72 Yoga students (male -28, female – 44) from S-VYASA Yoga University, Bengaluru. Mean age among male students were 26 and that among female students were 25. Design The research design was a mixed design, employing both qualitative and quantitative methods. Phase 1 was qualitative study and phase 2 was quantitative study employing survey method. The Music Receptivity Scale (MRS) was also validated amongst a Yoga population. Assessment tools For the qualitative phase: In-depth interview guide (Probe questions) iv Focus group discussion guide For the quantitative phase: Music Receptivity Scale (MRS) Marlowe Crowne Social Desirability Scale (SDS) d2 test of attention Interest In Music (IIM) Scale Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS-SF) Mind Wandering Scale (MWS) Data extraction and analysis Three sets of data, pilot (n=63), general population (n=313), musicians (n=44) were separately analyzed. The final sample size used to report the results is 313, which is in the ratio of 13 cases per item, more than the recommended 10 cases per item. All the analyses were done using R statistical software, version 3.4.2 (R Development Core Team, 2020) and its packages psych (Revelle, 2019). To refine the construct of music receptivity, and to get inputs for item generation, we conducted unstructured in-depth interviews and focus group discussion. Items were generated based on the inputs obtained from the in-depth interviews and the FGD. The consolidated questionnaire had 23 items designed to capture the domains of attention, interest, lyrical appraisal, emotional experience and hurdles. As the aim of this study was to evaluate the structure of music receptivity scale (MRS), we used exploratory factor analysis to determine the number and nature of underlying factors of MRS. We used parallel analysis to determine the number of factors to retain (Horn, 1965); principal axis factoring was performed to evaluate the number of underlying factors by employing oblique rotation (oblimin) as the domains were anticipated to be correlated. Maximum iterations for convergence were fixed at 1000. The analyses revealed more than one solution. v Results Data analysis yielded two solutions – a two factor solution (Affect and Attention) and a four factor solution (Emotion, interest, attention and hurdles). Validation amongst Yoga population yielded mixed results for convergent and divergent validity. Discussion We intended to develop an instrument to measure music receptivity, field test it and assess its psychometric properties and as a culmination of which, we developed a 20- item questionnaire having four domains (emotional experience, interest, attention, hurdles) and a shorter 12-item version of the same. The two-factor solution was a reduced item version, and it yielded the two most important meta-components of music receptivity, i.e., affect and attention. The affect domain included interest and emotional experience, whereas attention remained as a separate factor. We could also observe discriminant validity between musicians and non-musicians, where the musicians had significantly higher music receptivity scores compared to non musicians. Conclusion The Music Receptivity Scale was developed and it has a 20 item long form and a 12 item short form. As this tool was primarily intended for music therapy purposes, this tool needs to be field tested in music therapy settings. Further, the mode of application of this tool could be via a mobile application for the ease of use.Item Effect of yoga on children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in special school environments(SVYASA, 2022-12-22) Sindhu Shanker; Balaram PradhanBACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), the most common neurodevelopmental disorder, refers to a group of disorders distinctly characterized by core symptoms of deficits in social communication and interaction and restrictive, repetitive behaviors. Other psychological and physiological comorbidities frequently accompany this disorder. As a heterogeneous condition, ASD ranges from mild to severe across a continuum with varying degrees of impairments in functioning involving communication, cognition, language, behavior, and other health conditions. Autism severity defines the level of support needed by the children for their day-to-day functioning. This disorder is increasingly reported amongst school-age children in India, where many children with ASD attend special schools to receive support for learning basic functional and academic skills. Most of the major challenges associated with children in school environments include social skills deficits and problem behaviors. Other common physiological conditions prevalent in children with ASD are poor motor proficiency, food and digestion problems, and sleep disorders. Such challenges usually manifest in the form of various behavioral issues and chronic stress, significantly affecting learning in school environments. Yoga is recognized as a mind-body intervention that promotes physical, physiological, and psychological well-being in children with ASD and aids in the reduction of many autism-related symptoms. Yoga classes as group intervention for the children with ASD within the familiar and conductive school environment benefit all children by providing a consistent opportunity for participation to all students. Evidence-based studies suggest that yoga can be an effective alternative mind-body intervention that positively impacts various aspects of autism. 6 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The aims and objectives of the present study were to assess the effect of yoga on children with ASD across four special schools: - Autism severity - Social skills deficits - Problem behaviors - Motor proficiency - Food and digestion problems - Sleep disorders - Evaluate the feasibility of conducting a regular group yoga intervention for children with ASD in special school environments METHODS A total of 43 children with ASD from 4 special schools were randomly divided into two groups: the experimental yoga group (n=23) and the waitlist control group (n=20) based on the Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist (ATEC) scores taken as a measure of autism severity as evaluated by the parents of children with ASD. Participants Participants consisted of 43 children with ASD having a formal diagnosis of autism under the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) for assessing children under the Autism Spectrum Disorder. The participants consisted of male and female children (M: F=19:4) between the age group of 5-15 years across four special schools. 7 Design A randomized controlled open-label trial was employed for the study across four special schools to explore the effect of the yoga intervention as a daily school group program for children with ASD Assessments Autism Evaluation Checklist (ATEC) Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Aberrant Behavior Checklist -2 (ABC-2) Bruininks- Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, Brief Form-2 (BOT-2 Brief) Food and Digestion Checklist Sleep Checklist Yoga Feedback Checklist Intervention The yoga intervention consisted of a school-based group yoga program for children with ASD conducted on all school days for 12 weeks. The yoga program consisted of twelve structured yoga modules consisting of simple yoga practices compatible with the needs and benefits of children with ASD. The structured yoga program of 45 minutes was delivered by two trained yoga teachers in each special school. 8 Results As a group intervention, yoga was feasible to be delivered in special schools for children with ASD with high participation and performance responses. The parents reported a significant decrease in the yoga group compared to the control group in autism severity (p = .001). No significant changes were found in food and digestion problems and sleep disorders. The teachers reported improvement in the social withdrawal aspect of problem behaviors in children (p = .005), with no changes in social skills deficits. Yoga was found to positively impact the motor proficiency of children with ASD (p = .007). Conclusions The study has shown that it is feasible to conduct a regular group yoga intervention for children with ASD in terms of participation and performance responses. The study has demonstrated that children with ASD have benefitted in many aspects, such as autism severity, problem behaviors, and motor proficiency, with a carefully planned intervention suited for special school environments. Thus, yoga can be integrated into special school environments for the holistic management and well-being of children with ASD.Item Effect of yoga based lifestyle modification in pre-diabetes(SVYASA, 2022-05-13) AMIT SANTOSH MISHRA; Padmini Tekur; Hongasandra R. Nagendravi ABSTRACT BACKGROUND T2DM, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder with significant morbidity, mortality, and healthcare spending. Prediabetes is a pre-stage risk factor for the development of T2DM. yoga is a mind-body medicine shown to have several health benefits. There is a lack of evidence for the efficacy of yoga in improving Prediabetes and reducing diabetes incidence. Hence the effect of yoga base Lifestyle (YBL) in prediabetes study is imperative. Stress plays an essential role in the manifestation of several chronic conditions such as Diabetes. Stress-related factors such as stressful workplace or traumatic life events and mental health problems underlie the development of Diabetes. In the present study, we study the association between stress and "prediabetes," the precursor and preventable stage of Diabetes, which needs attention. yoga is an ancient skill set that could aid in attaining optimal physical and mental health and aid in the prevention and combating of several lifestyle disorders and diseases. The study was to understand the perception of people in all zones of India about yoga (not only Äasana or Präëayam) and knowledge-practice of yoga We hypothesized stress as one of the reasons for the progression of people with Prediabetes into T2DM. The present study report on associations between perceived stress and blood glucose markers stratified by T2DM status. The nationwide survey was to understand the benefits and barriers encountered by the community members to accept yoga into the workplace and routine practice. Even though vii yoga helps prevent obesity, Diabetes, and hypertension, not practiced universally. This study explores motivators and barriers to practice by estimating how these elements can help develop and incorporate yoga as a workplace activity and profession. AIMS & OBJECTIVES Aims ▪ To study the effect of yoga-based Lifestyle Modification in Prediabetes. ▪ To study the effect of yoga-based Lifestyle Modification of stress on prediabetes, Diabetes ▪ To reduce and control the growing curve of Diabetes in India Objective ▪ Trial to test the potency of yoga-based lifestyle intervention on prediabetes risk reduction in a large community setting. METHODS A national-level survey was part of a study conducted in rural and urban areas in all zones of India, screening 2,40,000 population in 60 districts selected randomly in all states. Participants (age 20-70 years) were individuals with prediabetes A1C (range, 5.7–6.4%) and Indian Diabetes Risk Score (IDRS) ≥ 60. The intervention included practicing yoga-based lifestyle modification protocol (YBL) for nine consecutive days, followed by daily home and weekly supervised practices for three months. Standard care advice was for the control cluster for diabetes prevention. Participants The study's first phase included a survey across all the identified regions (Urban and rural). The participants with consent are recruit to the study. This phase included 1,62,330 participants to recruit for the NMB program with a three-page item questionnaire. viii Design In this nationwide sampling survey, Phase one was to estimate the Prevalence of Diabetes and Prediabetes. Phase two was to assess the efficacy of the structured intervention to prevent the progression of Prediabetes to Diabetes. Assessment 1. Demography (Semi-structured schedule), 2. Anthropometrics 3. Biochemical Blood Test. Intervention yoga group: The intervention group received the specially prepared standardized yoga based lifestyle change protocol and standard T2DM management education for three months. YVDM (yoga Volunteer Trained for T2DM Protocol) trained participants for a 9-day camp (2 h daily) activity. Followed by daily (individual or group) practice using DVDs and included 2-h weekly YVDM-supervised follow-up classes. Standard care advice was for the control cluster for diabetes prevention. Sample size calculated 5320 in Intervention and Control Group. Total 10,640 for two groups. RESULTS In the YBL Group, the conversion rate from Prediabetes to normoglycemia (52.80% in intervention vs. 37.80% in the control group, P = 0.005) over three months. The conversion to normoglycemia after YBL was significantly better in the younger age group (≤4 0 years) than those above 40yrs, with OR=2.20 (95% CI 1.57-3.08) and OR=1.02 (95% CI 0.82- 1.26), respectively). In the study, conversion to normoglycemia was found to be equally effective in both genders. ix Significant reduction in FBS 12.33%, PPBS14.08%, Triglyceride>200 35% reduction, HDL<45 19.46% increase, stress 7.3% reduction. The association between perceived stress scores (PSS) was tested in a large-scale population of 16,368 individuals with Prediabetes and T2DM, aged 47.8 ± 12.5 years. Individuals were recruited from different geographical zones of India under the National Multicentric Diabetes Control Program. Results reported that individuals with Prediabetes had higher perceived stress and depression, may indicate the relevant role of stress underlying the progression towards Diabetes. Interestingly, people with Prediabetes had significantly higher depression scores (patient health questionnaire-9 scores) 6.9 vs. 6.1 than people with T2DM. This draws to the relevance of stress management approaches, including mind-body interventions and yoga, may affect the progression of T2DM.Respondent’s survey revealed that 11.8% practice yoga, the north zone has the highest [4,567/112,735], and the east zone has the lowest [971/112,735]. Out of 101,643 respondents, 94,135 believed that yoga improved their lifestyle (92.6%), and 90,102/98,518(91.4%) believed that yoga prevented T2DM, revealing an immense knowledge–practice gap. General acceptability with knowledge–practice yoga gap has a scope of integration with modern medicine to change conventional healthcare. A standard validated questionnaire perceived stress scale (PSS-10) was used in individuals with Prediabetes (n=649) and T2DM (n=485) and then segregated them into three categories (minimum, moderate, and severe stress levels). Blood glucose markers (Fasting Blood Glucose - FBS, Postprandial Blood Glucose- PPBS, and Glycolate Hemoglobin- HbA1c) were evaluated to report their association with the PSS-10. The study revealed a significantly higher HbA1c level in people with Prediabetes, who had higher perceived stress than other categories. T2DM who had high FBS levels had severe perceived stress. x In the yoga intervention group in the nationwide multi-centered prospective randomized control study, questionnaires for barriers and benefits of yoga practice were asked. Most Participants perceived yoga as a tool to improve physical fitness, relax mind and body, and enhance stamina in all age groups. Barriers reported were urban /rural Lifestyle, Family commitments, Physical exertion. Other reasons across the country came as No Encouragement of family, Occupational commitments, and few places to do yoga. Conclusion The substantial influence of the yoga-based lifestyle intervention was observed against Prediabetes risk reduction on Indian Population. This change was significantly better in the younger age group of less than 40 years. Prediabetes had higher perceived stress and depression, this draws to the relevance of stress management approaches, including mind body interventions and yoga, which may affect the progression of T2DM with integration with modern medicine to change conventional healthcare. People believe in yoga in India, but People Practicing yoga is far less. The reason for barrier in urban and rural yoga Practice is urban /rural Lifestyle, Family commitments, Occupational Commitments, few Place to practice yoga. Tackling barriers and improving yoga based Lifestyle participation would be an effective strategy to combat the epidemic of diabetes from both preventative and treatment perspectives. Keywords: Type 2 Diabetes mellitus T2DM, Prediabetes, yoga, Stress, Depression, yoga based Lifestyle.Item Impact of SMET yoga program on organisational citizenship behaviour, positive affectivity, negitive affectivity and occupational stress of employees : A randomised Controlled study(SVYASA, 2022) JYOTHI VASU; Sony Kumari; H. R. Nagendra; K. B. AkhileshBACKGROUND: Organizational Citizenship Behaviour (OCB) is a newly emerging concept in the stream of organizational behavior. In today’s global competitive world, any and every organization wants to have excellent employees those who do not only work hard but also display discretionary behaviours, positive traits, good interpersonal relationship, supportive team work, self-motivation to collectively achieve organizational goals and success. Despite an increasing number of studies on OCB, not many unifying works are focused on the improvement of the same. Here we also study about two most important personality traits namely Positive affectivity and Negative affectivity of employees in an organisation. AIMS and OBJECTIVES: This study seeks to investigate the impact of Self-Management of Excessive Tension yoga program on Organisational Citizenship Behaviour, Positive and Negative affectivity and Occupational stress (OS) of the employees. METHODS: Participants: A sample of 240 employees consisting of both male and female, working for a BPO office in Bengaluru, India belonging to an age group of 20-45 years participated in the study. Design: It is a randomised two group (yoga and control group), intervention study with pre and post assessments. Assessment: Organisational Citizenship Behaviour scale, Positive and Negative Affectivity Schedule (PANAS) scale and Occupational Stress Index (OSI) scale were used to administer the study parameters. Data was analysed by using SPSS software version 25.0. Intervention: Self-Management of Excessive Tension module practice is given to employees as Intervention. Results: A considerable increase in mean values (difference in pre and post data) were observed after SMET intervention for various dimensions of OCB, PANAS and OS. The results were found to be significant with p < 0.05.Conclusions: Study showed that SMET helped to improve OCB and to reduce the occupational stress of the employees. Study also proved that SMET helped to increase Positive affectivity and to reduce the Negative affectivity of the employees. Key words: Cyclic Meditation, Negative Affectivity, Occupational Stress, Organisational Citizenship Behaviour, Personality Traits, Positive Affectivity, SMET, YogaItem A STUDY DESIGNED TO MEASURE PRAKׅṚTI IN ADOLESCENTS AND EFFICACY OF INTEGRATED YOGA MODULE(SVYASA, 2021-12-16) DEVIKA KAUR; ALEXANDER HANKEYBACKGROUND: Āyurveda, the Vedic science of medicine, is a very ancient discipline which, extraordinary to say, also deals with the mind- body relationship. It is considered one of the world’s oldest and most complex and complete systems of medicine, using natural healing, and containing immense wisdom for humanity. According to Āyurveda, the organism function is controlled by three physiological processes called Dośas, Vāta, Pitta and Kapha which govern each individual. The science of Āyurveda stands on this three-part fundamental concept, Tridośa. An individual’s health depends on maintaining these three dośas in states of balance. Conversely, imbalance of them leads to ill health. Every organism has a natural state where one or more dośas are in dominance. Disease develops in the body in stages as dośas depart in various ways from their balanced state. States of a person’s health, any disturbance or bodily illness, and complete cure from disease, are all governed by states of their dośas. Determining a person’s Prakṛti and vikṛti, respectively their natural, balanced state of dośas, and their present states of imbalance, is central to Āyurveda diagnosis and treatment. An individual’s Prakṛti or distinct characteristic physiology is a combination of these three fundamental factors. The Prakṛti indicate physical traits with implied mental characteristics. However, it is this that forms the natural characteristic of human beings. Various combinations of the three dośas make people different from each other. This unique concept of Prakṛti makes Āyurveda distinct from other medical systems. The question for Āyurveda in practice is how to measure a patient’s Prakṛti / Vikṛti accurately. One accepted way is a questionnaire, technically known in social science as an ‘inventory’. In this field there is currently a gap – questionnaires for the adolescent age group. In the present study, we developed two unique Inventories (Kāśyapa Prakṛti Inventory & Kāśyapa Psycho Physiological Inventory) aimed at adolescents aged 13 to 18 years, we present the initial development of questionnaires to assess dośa Prakṛti in adolescents and a unique study to assess tridośa states, which are neither exactly Prakṛti or vikṛti. The study’s focus was to assess participants’ present state of mind in ways similar to a modern psychological tool but designed to reflect the states of their dośas. Here The need for such an instrument arises from the problem of administering adult questionnaires to younger age groups. No previous instruments are appropriate to assess adolescents; hence, this study. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The main aim and objective of the study was to develop such inventories with the same rigor seen in modern psychology assessment tools eg. the famous State- Trait Anxiety Inventory. The Kāśyapa Prakṛti Inventory was developed to assess adolescents ‘dośa Prakṛti’s,’ their underlying levels of each dośa i.e. their original strength. It aims to assess both physical and physiological ‘trait’. This inventory may thus be considered analogous to the Trait scale. And the Kāśyapa Psycho-physiological State Inventory assessing participants mood states, i.e. their present state of mind, may be considered analogous to the ‘State’ inventory. It uses the idea that, because dośas influence the mind, vikṛti states of the dośas are reflected in mood states. To observe possible changes in assessment values, and to maintain relevance to S-VYASA research, a pre-post yoga intervention study was later performed. METHODS: Participants: Two groups participated: 1. High School students to 10th standard at Vivekananda Educational Centre, Jayanagar, Bangalore; and 2. 11th and 12th standard students at MES College in Maleshwaram, Bangalore. Responders in the study were thus adolescents aged 12 to 18 years. Design: To draw up the two inventories, stated properties of Vāta, Pitta and Kapha were studied in the following classic Āyurveda texts: Charaka Samhita, Sushrutha Samhita, Ashtanga Hridaya, Ashtanga Sangraha, Sharangadhara Samhita, Yogaratnakara, and Harita Samhita. All lakśaṇas, symptoms, were listed, and repetitions eliminated. Specific Lakśaṇa characteristics of each dośa were selected in order to assess the relative strength each dośa, i.e it’s possible dominance. Each dośa manifests certain unique characteristics in individual’s psychophysiology. Questions describing characteristics of each lakśaṇa were formulated. This yielded a raw, first draft of each questionnaire. These were given to Āyurveda experts and Psychologists for their opinion and suggestions in Delphi rounds of development, as is normal in the social sciences. As stated above, the two scales were administered to adolescents: The Kāśyapa Prakṛti Inventory to 521 students; and Kāśyapa Psychophysiological Inventory to 450 students. In the Pre-Post Yoga intervention study of the Kāśyapa Psychophysiological Inventory scale, the Yoga module was given thrice per week for four weeks to 82 participants. The module consisted of breathing/stretching practices, Yoga postures, Suryanamaskara, Pranayama, Mind Sound Resonance Technique, Mantra Recitation, Yogic Games and Relaxation Techniques. Statistical analysis used Wilcoxon Signed Rank test and Spearman’s rho test from SPSS 10.0 & 21.0 Assessments: 1. Delphi round of consultation for Questionnaires 2. Five option Likert scale &Yes/ No 3. Pre- Post assessment Intervention: Prior to the start of the intervention, permissions to conduct our study in the respective schools and colleges were obtained from the concerned authorities. The Consent form was given to participant’s parents no-objection was received from all of those, whose children were going to participate. Participants were requested to be honest in their answers when responding to the questionnaires. The developed inventories consisted of Kāśyapa Prakṛti Inventory comprising 84 questions with Yes/ No answers only and the Kāśyapa Psychophysiological State Inventory comprising only six questions, with a five option likert scale and a Pre-Post study aimed to assess tridośa changes in the participants, so the Kāśyapa Prakṛti Inventory scale was administered as a tool to assess them, together with a designed Yoga Module intervention, which was administered thrice a week for four weeks. RESULTS: The Kāśyapa Psychophysiological State Inventory was found to have Cronbach’s alpha for each dośa: Vāta0.806; Pitta 0.825; Kapha 0.768, with all dośa pair correlations: Vāta / Pitta, Pitta / Kapha, and Kapha / Vāta negative. Its small number of questions precluded factor analysis; similarly, for Split-Half analysis of consistency. As in the State scale of the State Trait Anxiety Inventory, criterion validity cannot be obtained. Nor is Inter-rater reliability-consistency possible for a self-report questionnaire. Nevertheless, the Kāśyapa Psychophysiological State Inventory is consistent and reliable, and that it can assess mood-states. The scale’s Consistency and Reliability yielded Cronbach’s value: Vāta0.549, Pitta 0.531, and Kapha 0.628. Spearman’s rho coefficient for split-half consistency was = 0.438. Correlations between all pairs of dośas were negative. The Kāśyapa Prakṛti Inventory may thus be classed as a dośa assessment scale for adolescents. It quantifies physical and physiological characteristics representing general feeling, i.e. overall well-being, rather than pathology. It is both consistent and reliable. The study of Yoga intervention was, administered the Kāśyapa Prakṛti Inventory Pre-and-Post the intervention. Statistical analysis used SPSS-21.0. Lack of normality led to the Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks-Test being used. Results showed: Vāta decreased, p<0.05; Pitta and Kapha increased, p<0.05. CONCLUSION: The inventories that were developed, the Kāśyapa Prakṛti Inventory and Kāśyapa Psychophysiological Inventory consistently and reliably measure Prakṛti in adolescents. The integrated Yoga intervention showed significant results in its effects on tridośas in adolescents.Item ROLE OF YOGA AND ITS POSSIBLE MECHANISM INVOLVED IN TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS RELATED DNA DAMAGE AND REPAIR - A RANDOMIZED CONTROLTRIAL(SVYASA, 2021-12-24) RAJESH G. NAIR; RAMESH M. N.; MITHILA M. V.BACKGROUND Type-2 diabetes (T2D) is becoming one of the fastest-growing major non-communicable diseases (NCDs) adversely affecting human life and well-being globally, in a multitude of ways. The latest epidemiological data shows its worldwide prevalence as 463 million and is projected to reach 700 million by 2045. At the molecular level, T2D condition is associated with a higher level of oxidative stress (OS), reduced antioxidant capacity, increased oxidative DNA damage, and impaired DNA damage-repair capability, which may lead to a variety of micro and macrovascular diseases, endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerotic plaques, and subsequent development of cardiovascular diseases and stroke. Although yoga is found to be beneficial in the management of T2D, its mechanism of action is poorly understood. This study examines how yoga modulates OS induced DNA damage and the efficiency of DNA repair in T2D condition AIMS AND OBJECTIVES This study aims to elucidate how yoga influences oxidative DNA damage, its repair, and thereby overall DNA damage in T2D patients. To assess the effect of yoga practices on DNA damage & repair in patients with T2D To investigate the mechanism of action involved in the effect of yoga practices on DNA damage in patients with T2D METHODS Participants Patients identified with T2D (fasting plasma glucose above 126 mg/dL, as per American Diabetic Association guidelines), age ranging from 35 to 60 from both genders (Male:33, Female:28) and having no prior yoga experience were enrolled using convenience sampling for this study. Design This study followed a randomized control trial design (RCT), where, T2D subjects (n=61), aged (Mean ± SD, 50.3 ± 4.2)were randomly allocated into Yoga group (31) that received 10 weeks of yoga intervention and Control (30) with routine exercises. Assessments: Primary outcome measures; TM: Tail Moment & OTM: Olive Tail Moment (indices of DNA damage) 8-OHdG: 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine as Oxidative DNA damage marker, OGG1: 8-Oxoguanine glycosylase - protein expression for DNA repair gene-activity, TAC: Total Antioxidant Capacity FBS: Fasting Blood Sugar Secondary outcome measure; BMI: Body Mass Index; WHR: Waist to hip ratio; SBP: Systolic Blood Pressure; DBP: Diastolic Blood Pressure; FBS: Fasting Blood Sugar; LDL: Low Density Lipoprotein; HDL: High Density Lipoprotein; TG: Triglycerides; TC: Total Cholesterol; Cr: Creatinine Ur: Urea; UA: Uric Acid; Alb: Albumin; TP: Total Protein; Intervention: Yoga group underwent 10 weeks of yoga-practice sessions including Asana (specific postures) and Pranayama (specific breathing) practices as given in the intervention protocol 4 hours/week, by a certified and trained yoga professional. This study used an adapted version of the yoga module, developed, validated, and used by AYUSH, Ministry of Health, Govt. of India, for a national level programme for T2D management. Control group did physical exercises like walking, jogging, and stretching 4 hours/week for 10 weeks, though they were not instructor-led sessions. RESULTS: At the end of the 10th week, Yoga group showed significant reduction in DNA damage indicators like Tail Moment (-5.88[95%CI: -10.47 to -1.30]; P=.013) and Olive Tail Moment (-2.93[95%CI: -4.87 to -1.00]; P< .01), oxidative DNA damage marker 8-OHdG (- 60.39[95%CI: -92.55 to -28.23]; P< .001) and Fasting Blood Sugar (-22.58[95%CI: -44.33 to -0.83]; P=.042) compared to Control. OGG1 protein expression indicating DNA repair, improved significantly (17.55[95%CI:1.37 to 33.73]; P=.034) whereas Total Antioxidant Capacity did not(5.80[95%CI: -0.86 to 12.47]; P=0.086). Mediation analysis indicated that improvements in oxidative DNA damage and DNA repair together played a major mediatory role (97.4%) in carrying the effect of yoga. CONCLUSION: The beneficial effect of yoga on DNA damage in T2D subjects was found to be mediated by mitigation of oxidative DNA damage and enhancement of DNA repair. Yoga was also found to be a potent adjunct therapy in the management of T2D.Item ROLE OF YOGA AND ITS POSSIBLE MECHANISM INVOLVED IN TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS RELATED DNA DAMAGE AND REPAIR - A RANDOMIZED CONTROLTRIAL(SVYASA, 2021-11-24) RAJESH G. NAIR; RAMESH M N; MITHILA M VBACKGROUND Type-2 diabetes (T2D) is becoming one of the fastest-growing major non-communicable diseases (NCDs) adversely affecting human life and well-being globally, in a multitude of ways. The latest epidemiological data shows its worldwide prevalence as 463 million and is projected to reach 700 million by 2045. At the molecular level, T2D condition is associated with a higher level of oxidative stress (OS), reduced antioxidant capacity, increased oxidative DNA damage, and impaired DNA damage-repair capability, which may lead to a variety of micro and macrovascular diseases, endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerotic plaques, and subsequent development of cardiovascular diseases and stroke. Although yoga is found to be beneficial in the management of T2D, its mechanism of action is poorly understood. This study examines how yoga modulates OS induced DNA damage and the efficiency of DNA repair in T2D condition AIMS AND OBJECTIVES This study aims to elucidate how yoga influences oxidative DNA damage, its repair, and thereby overall DNA damage in T2D patients. To assess the effect of yoga practices on DNA damage & repair in patients with T2D To investigate the mechanism of action involved in the effect of yoga practices on DNA damage in patients with T2D METHODS Participants Patients identified with T2D (fasting plasma glucose above 126 mg/dL, as per American Diabetic Association guidelines), age ranging from 35 to 60 from both genders (Male:33, Female:28) and having no prior yoga experience were enrolled using convenience sampling for this study. Design This study followed a randomized control trial design (RCT), where, T2D subjects (n=61), aged (Mean ± SD, 50.3 ± 4.2)were randomly allocated into Yoga group (31) that received 10 weeks of yoga intervention and Control (30) with routine exercises. Assessments: Primary outcome measures; TM: Tail Moment & OTM: Olive Tail Moment (indices of DNA damage) 8-OHdG: 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine as Oxidative DNA damage marker, OGG1: 8-Oxoguanine glycosylase - protein expression for DNA repair gene-activity, TAC: Total Antioxidant Capacity FBS: Fasting Blood Sugar Secondary outcome measure; BMI: Body Mass Index; WHR: Waist to hip ratio; SBP: Systolic Blood Pressure; DBP: Diastolic Blood Pressure; FBS: Fasting Blood Sugar; LDL: Low Density Lipoprotein; HDL: High Density Lipoprotein; TG: Triglycerides; TC: Total Cholesterol; Cr: Creatinine Ur: Urea; UA: Uric Acid; Alb: Albumin; TP: Total Protein; Intervention: Yoga group underwent 10 weeks of yoga-practice sessions including Asana (specific postures) and Pranayama (specific breathing) practices as given in the intervention protocol 4 hours/week, by a certified and trained yoga professional. This study used an adapted version of the yoga module, developed, validated, and used by AYUSH, Ministry of Health, Govt. of India, for a national level programme for T2D management. Control group did physical exercises like walking, jogging, and stretching 4 hours/week for 10 weeks, though they were not instructor-led sessions. RESULTS: At the end of the 10th week, Yoga group showed significant reduction in DNA damage indicators like Tail Moment (-5.88[95%CI: -10.47 to -1.30]; P=.013) and Olive Tail Moment (-2.93[95%CI: -4.87 to -1.00]; P< .01), oxidative DNA damage marker 8-OHdG (- 60.39[95%CI: -92.55 to -28.23]; P< .001) and Fasting Blood Sugar (-22.58[95%CI: -44.33 to -0.83]; P=.042) compared to Control. OGG1 protein expression indicating DNA repair, improved significantly (17.55[95%CI:1.37 to 33.73]; P=.034) whereas Total Antioxidant Capacity did not(5.80[95%CI: -0.86 to 12.47]; P=0.086). Mediation analysis indicated that improvements in oxidative DNA damage and DNA repair together played a major mediatory role (97.4%) in carrying the effect of yoga. CONCLUSION: The beneficial effect of yoga on DNA damage in T2D subjects was found to be mediated by mitigation of oxidative DNA damage and enhancement of DNA repair. Yoga was also found to be a potent adjunct therapy in the management of T2D.Item A study on impact of yoga in improvement of Physical, Psychological, and Social fitness among adolescents(S-VYASA, 2019-11-02) Choukse, AsthaDiscovering and promoting ways to improve adolescents’ overall fitness has been a recurrent concern and challenge in the field of health and psychology. Adolescence, as a period of transition, is highly prone to health risks and unhealthy behavior patterns. Decrease in physical activity, improper food habits, and sedentary lifestyle in adolescents are very prevalent today. These factors can constitute risks to physical, mental, and social health. Adolescence is the right time to promote healthy practices to prevent problems of health and behavior in adulthood. Even though, fitness during adolescence is considered essential, there is a dearth for effective programs that promote overall fitness in adolescents. Available programs lack in holisticity or integrative approach as they focus on either of the fitness domains such as physical, psychological, or social domains. Indian classical texts provide immense conceptual resources and guidelines on different aspects of life. Texts like Bhagavad-Gita, Taittiriya Upanishad, Patanjali Yoga Sutras explain various components of fitness and techniques that promote fitness at different domains. Integrative approach Yoga is considered an important intervention that provides the right dose of activities to promote health and wellbeing at all five koshas. Research studies indicate that although yoga is being implemented in schools, little is done on studying its effect on overall fitness of adolescents. While yoga in schools is a popular program, residential yoga camps for adolescents are less heard. Further, research studies on the effect of short-term residential yoga program has not been cited. There is also a need to develop effective holistic yoga program that can be replicated in different adolescent populations and different setting other than school as well. AIMS & OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study is to evaluate the efficacy of a seven-day residential, integrated, holistic yoga intervention on certain physical, psychological, and social fitness parameters in adolescents. The primary objective of the study is to examine the effect of yoga on a. Physical fitness, such as strength, speed, flexibility, and coordination b. Psychological, fitness such as Emotional Intelligence, anger, and self-concept c. Social fitness, such as empathy, social competence, altruism, and relationships The secondary objectives are a) To develop an integrated yoga module for overall fitness among adolescents b) To understand the difference in the effects of yoga across genders and age groups. c) To explore the relationships between the changes across physical, psychological and social domains. d) To assess if parents’ observations coincided with that of their children. MATERIALS & METHODS A pre-post yoga interventional study was carried out in three independent cohorts (batches 1, 2 and 3) with sample size of 148 (57.8% male), 167 (73.1% male), and 195 (62.1% male), respectively. The participants of the study included healthy adolescent children (both girls and boys) aged between 9 and 16 years, studying in English-medium schools. The samples were drawn from the children who registered for the seven-day residential yoga camp. Ethical approval and consent from parents and participants were obtained. A seven-day integrated yoga intervention was conducted in a residential setting. The intervention included Asana, Pranayama, Relaxation, Meditation, and also Jnana yoga (Yama- Niyama concepts) and Bhakti yoga. The intervention was spread over from morning 5.00 am till night 9.30 pm with intermittent breaks and free time. Food and lifestyle remained same for all the participants during the program. Physical fitness tasks such as body mass index (BMI), plate-taping test (PLT), sit and reach (SAR), standing broad jump (SBJ), sit-ups (SUP), and 10x5m shuttle run (10x5mR) were assessed using Eurofit battery. Psychological assessments included emotional intelligence, emotional regulation strategies, clinical anger, and self-concept. Social assessments included social competence, empathy, altruism, parent relationship, and peer friendship. Authorized scales and software were used for assessments and relevant analyses were carried out. Data was collected from the participants and their parents using respective versions of the scales for psychosocial assessments.