G.Yoga Theses PhD.
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Yoga Theses by Yoga PhD Students at SVYASA. These pages present some efforts at Scientific Validation of Yoga. You may receive full text of available yoga research papers
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Item ŚATARUDRĪYAM - VEDĀṄGASAHITAM TATTVĀRTHA DARŚANAM(SVYASA, 2023-01) Venkata Subbaiah Bathula; Sridhar, M. K.यथा योगस्य चत्वारर अर्वसथाः— 1. आरम्भः , 2. घटः , 3. पररचयः , 4. पनष्पपतः इपत, तथैर्व अयं शोधप्रबन्धः चतुषुुअध्यायेषुपनपमुतम्अस्ति । आरम्भ-नाम्ना प्रथमाध्याये, ग्रन्थस्य आरम्भंकृत्वा, रद्राध्यायस्य सपिप्तः पररचयः , रद्रशब्दस्य पनर्वुचनापन, तथा शतरद्रीयस्य प्राशस्त्यं च व्याख्यातम् । पुनः , शब्दाथुज्ञानाजुनेर्वेदाङ्गानाम्आर्वश्यकता च, तेषां षडङ्गानां पर्वभागत्रयं च पनरूपपतम् । तत्रैर्व, स्मृपत-शास्त्र-पुराणानां च साङ्ख्ययोगशास्त्राणां च तत्त्वाथंपररशीपलतम् अस्ति । पितीये घटाध्याये— शब्दार्वबोधने पशक्षा-छन्दश्शास्त्रयोश्च, अथाुर्वबोधने व्याकरण-पनरक्त-शास्त्रयोश्च, ज्ञानार्वबोधनेज्योपतष-कल्प-शास्त्रयोश्च व्याख्यातम्। पत्र-खण्डात्मकः एषः घटः । यथा रद्रापभषेके पूणुघटस्य, तथैर्व रद्रभार्वनाथुम्अस्य र्वेदाङ्गसपहतस्य घटाध्यायस्य प्रयोजनम्। • चतुष्षपिर्वणाुनाम् उत्पपतः , परा-पश्यन्ती-मध्यमा-र्वैखरी इपत र्वाचां चत्वारर भेदाश्च, गायत्र्यादीपन छन्दांपस, रद्रानुर्वाकानां छन्दो-ऋपष-देर्वतापद पर्वशेषाश्च प्रथमखण्डेव्याख्याताः । • पुनः व्याकरण शास्त्रस्य प्राशस्त्यं, चतुदुश-महेश्वरसूत्रेषुपत्रचत्वाररंशत्-र्वणेषुसृपि-स्तसथपत-संहार पतरोभर्व-अनुग्रहा इपत पञ्चकृ त्यानां र्वणुनं, पनघण्टु-पनरक्तशास्त्रयोः पररचयः , शब्दाथुयोः सम्बन्धश्च पितीयखण्डेपनरूपपताः । • पुनित्र, पत्रस्कन्धं ज्योपतश्शास्त्रं, श्वासप्रश्वासयोः तृट्यापद पराथु-पयुन्तं कालदशुनं, तथा चतुदुश भुर्वनानां ग्रहतारादीनां च र्वणुनं, पतपथ-र्वार-नक्षत्र-योग-करणा इपत कालस्य पञ्चागाश्च, र्वासनामयं जगदुत्प्प्तपतश्च, पञ्चमहायज्ञाः , चत्वाररंशत्-संस्काराश्च, अिौ आत्मगुणाश्च, र्वणाुश्रमधमाुश्च, धमुशास्त्रेषु र्वपणुतं शतरद्रीयस्य पर्वपधश्च च व्याधीनाम्औषधरूपेण पर्वपनयोगश्च तृतीयखण्डेव्याख्याताः । iii तथा र्वेदाङ्गशास्त्रेषुशब्दाथुज्ञानापन दशुपयत्वा समाधेः पररचयः कृ तम् । अस्तस्मन्नर्वसरे, पाणीनीया पशक्षा, पपङ् ग़लस्य छन्दस्सूत्रं, नस्तन्दके श्वरस्य कापशका, यास्कं पनरक्तं, बृहत्पराशरहोराशास्त्रं, कृ तयुगान्ते श्रुतं सूयुपसद्धान्तं, र्वराहपमपहराचयुस्य बृहत्संपहता, आपिम्ब-गौतमीयाः कल्पसूत्राश्च, इत्यादीपन पर्वपर्वधापन र्वेदाङ्गशास्त्रापन च समीपक्षतापन । तृतीयेपररचयाध्याये, रद्राध्यायस्य एकादशानुर्वाके षुप्रत्येकस्य शब्दस्य पनर्वुचनं कृ त्वा, तत्र योगशास्त्रोक्तं तत्त्वाथं दपशुतम् । अत्र, अभ्यास-र्वैराग्यौ, सम्प्रज्ञात-असम्प्रज्ञात-सबीज-पनबीज-समाधयः , ईश्वरप्रपणधानं, पत्रगुणानां प्रकाश-पर्वक्षेप-आर्वरण-शक्तयः , यमपनयमापद योगस्य अिाङ्गाश्च, प्रणर्वोपासनं, व्याहृत्युपासनं, पञ्चपर्वंशपत-तत्त्वापन, अपर्वद्यापद-पञ्चक्लेशाः , कमुत्रयं, पचतस्य संस्कारापद धमाुः , पर्वर्वेकख्यापतः , प्राणमयो रद्रः , र्वाङ्मयो रद्रः , इत्यादयः बहर्वः तत्त्वपर्वशेषाः पनरूपपताः सस्तन्त । चतुथेपनष्पत्त्यध्याये, अस्य स्वाध्याय-रूपस्य शोध-प्रबन्धस्य फपलतांशाः खण्डियेपनरूपपताः । प्रथमखण्डे र्वेदाध्ययनेच तत्त्वाथुदशुनेच र्वेदाङ्गानां प्रामुख्यं पनरूपपतम्। पितीयखण्डेरुद्रस्य अहङ्कार-तत्त्वाशिदैवतञ्च, तथा ईश्वर-तत्त्व-शनरूपणंच, ईश्वरप्रपणधानोपायेषुशतरद्रीयस्य प्रामुख्यंच, कै र्वल्यप्रास्तप्तश्च पनरूपपताः । तथा, अयम्अध्यायः अस्य शोध-प्रबन्धस्य पनष्पपतं सूचयपत । पञ्चमेऽध्यायेअस्य प्रबन्धस्य अनुबन्धंकृ तम्। अत्र सस्वरौ नमकचमकौ, अन्यापन रद्रसूक्तापन, सहायकग्रन्थाश्च इत्यादयः दपशुताः ।Item ŚATARUDRĪYAM - VEDĀṄGASAHITAM TATTVĀRTHA DARŚANAM(SVYASA, 2023-01-26) Venkata Subbaiah Bathula; Sridhar, M. K.यथा योगस्य चत्वारर अर्वसथाः— 1. आरम्भः , 2. घटः , 3. पररचयः , 4. पनष्पपतः इपत, तथैर्व अयं शोधप्रबन्धः चतुषुुअध्यायेषुपनपमुतम्अस्ति । आरम्भ-नाम्ना प्रथमाध्याये, ग्रन्थस्य आरम्भंकृत्वा, रद्राध्यायस्य सपिप्तः पररचयः , रद्रशब्दस्य पनर्वुचनापन, तथा शतरद्रीयस्य प्राशस्त्यं च व्याख्यातम् । पुनः , शब्दाथुज्ञानाजुनेर्वेदाङ्गानाम्आर्वश्यकता च, तेषां षडङ्गानां पर्वभागत्रयं च पनरूपपतम् । तत्रैर्व, स्मृपत-शास्त्र-पुराणानां च साङ्ख्ययोगशास्त्राणां च तत्त्वाथंपररशीपलतम् अस्ति । पितीये घटाध्याये— शब्दार्वबोधने पशक्षा-छन्दश्शास्त्रयोश्च, अथाुर्वबोधने व्याकरण-पनरक्त-शास्त्रयोश्च, ज्ञानार्वबोधनेज्योपतष-कल्प-शास्त्रयोश्च व्याख्यातम्। पत्र-खण्डात्मकः एषः घटः । यथा रद्रापभषेके पूणुघटस्य, तथैर्व रद्रभार्वनाथुम्अस्य र्वेदाङ्गसपहतस्य घटाध्यायस्य प्रयोजनम्। • चतुष्षपिर्वणाुनाम् उत्पपतः , परा-पश्यन्ती-मध्यमा-र्वैखरी इपत र्वाचां चत्वारर भेदाश्च, गायत्र्यादीपन छन्दांपस, रद्रानुर्वाकानां छन्दो-ऋपष-देर्वतापद पर्वशेषाश्च प्रथमखण्डेव्याख्याताः । • पुनः व्याकरण शास्त्रस्य प्राशस्त्यं, चतुदुश-महेश्वरसूत्रेषुपत्रचत्वाररंशत्-र्वणेषुसृपि-स्तसथपत-संहार पतरोभर्व-अनुग्रहा इपत पञ्चकृ त्यानां र्वणुनं, पनघण्टु-पनरक्तशास्त्रयोः पररचयः , शब्दाथुयोः सम्बन्धश्च पितीयखण्डेपनरूपपताः । • पुनित्र, पत्रस्कन्धं ज्योपतश्शास्त्रं, श्वासप्रश्वासयोः तृट्यापद पराथु-पयुन्तं कालदशुनं, तथा चतुदुश भुर्वनानां ग्रहतारादीनां च र्वणुनं, पतपथ-र्वार-नक्षत्र-योग-करणा इपत कालस्य पञ्चागाश्च, र्वासनामयं जगदुत्प्प्तपतश्च, पञ्चमहायज्ञाः , चत्वाररंशत्-संस्काराश्च, अिौ आत्मगुणाश्च, र्वणाुश्रमधमाुश्च, धमुशास्त्रेषु र्वपणुतं शतरद्रीयस्य पर्वपधश्च च व्याधीनाम्औषधरूपेण पर्वपनयोगश्च तृतीयखण्डेव्याख्याताः । iii तथा र्वेदाङ्गशास्त्रेषुशब्दाथुज्ञानापन दशुपयत्वा समाधेः पररचयः कृ तम् । अस्तस्मन्नर्वसरे, पाणीनीया पशक्षा, पपङ् ग़लस्य छन्दस्सूत्रं, नस्तन्दके श्वरस्य कापशका, यास्कं पनरक्तं, बृहत्पराशरहोराशास्त्रं, कृ तयुगान्ते श्रुतं सूयुपसद्धान्तं, र्वराहपमपहराचयुस्य बृहत्संपहता, आपिम्ब-गौतमीयाः कल्पसूत्राश्च, इत्यादीपन पर्वपर्वधापन र्वेदाङ्गशास्त्रापन च समीपक्षतापन । तृतीयेपररचयाध्याये, रद्राध्यायस्य एकादशानुर्वाके षुप्रत्येकस्य शब्दस्य पनर्वुचनं कृ त्वा, तत्र योगशास्त्रोक्तं तत्त्वाथं दपशुतम् । अत्र, अभ्यास-र्वैराग्यौ, सम्प्रज्ञात-असम्प्रज्ञात-सबीज-पनबीज-समाधयः , ईश्वरप्रपणधानं, पत्रगुणानां प्रकाश-पर्वक्षेप-आर्वरण-शक्तयः , यमपनयमापद योगस्य अिाङ्गाश्च, प्रणर्वोपासनं, व्याहृत्युपासनं, पञ्चपर्वंशपत-तत्त्वापन, अपर्वद्यापद-पञ्चक्लेशाः , कमुत्रयं, पचतस्य संस्कारापद धमाुः , पर्वर्वेकख्यापतः , प्राणमयो रद्रः , र्वाङ्मयो रद्रः , इत्यादयः बहर्वः तत्त्वपर्वशेषाः पनरूपपताः सस्तन्त । चतुथेपनष्पत्त्यध्याये, अस्य स्वाध्याय-रूपस्य शोध-प्रबन्धस्य फपलतांशाः खण्डियेपनरूपपताः । प्रथमखण्डे र्वेदाध्ययनेच तत्त्वाथुदशुनेच र्वेदाङ्गानां प्रामुख्यं पनरूपपतम्। पितीयखण्डेरुद्रस्य अहङ्कार-तत्त्वाशिदैवतञ्च, तथा ईश्वर-तत्त्व-शनरूपणंच, ईश्वरप्रपणधानोपायेषुशतरद्रीयस्य प्रामुख्यंच, कै र्वल्यप्रास्तप्तश्च पनरूपपताः । तथा, अयम्अध्यायः अस्य शोध-प्रबन्धस्य पनष्पपतं सूचयपत । पञ्चमेऽध्यायेअस्य प्रबन्धस्य अनुबन्धंकृ तम्। अत्र सस्वरौ नमकचमकौ, अन्यापन रद्रसूक्तापन, सहायकग्रन्थाश्च इत्यादयः दपशुताः ।Item Evaluation of therapeutic efficacy and mechanistic basis of yoga in the management of adverse respiratory health and neuropsychological deficits in pesticide exposed Indian farmers(SVYASA, 2023-01-07) Vipin Dhansoia; Vijaya Majumdar; Deepeshwar SinghBACKGROUND The respiratory function and neuropsychological deficits remain major health concerns in chronically pesticide-exposed farmers across the globe. However, there is a scarcity of studies that address the clinical management of these adverse health outcomes of occupational pesticide exposure to farming populations by administering a Yoga-based intervention, which has the potential to improve thoracic compliance and lung function. AIM AND OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate whether Yoga-based intervention could mitigate the effects of chronic exposure to pesticides on respiratory and cognitive functions. Secondarily we also aimed to test if oxidative stress reduction could underlie the intervention's impact on the health outcomes, health-related quality of life (HRQOL), and oxidative stress markers in farmers chronically exposed to pesticides. METHODS In the present study, we report the findings of parallel two-armed randomized clinical, blinded outcome assessors that tested the efficacy of a yoga-based intervention on pulmonary and cognitive functions in pesticide exposed male farmers. Farmers were screened on their self reported history of at least six months of spraying operations in the field. Of 634 farmers screened across five villages, 140 male farmers (mean [SD] age, 38.75 [7.50] years) with mean pesticide exposure of 5.71 years (SD 3.04) were included and randomized to yoga (n = 70), or waitlist control arm (n = 70). Yoga intervention was delivered in 60-minute groups for 12 weeks. vi A total of 123 participants completed the post-intervention assessment. Analysis was by intention-to-treat. The intervention was unblinded, but the outcome assessment blinded the treatment assignment. The primary outcome was a change in pulmonary function parameters (percent predicted value of FVC, FEV1, %FEV1/FVC, PEFR, and FEF 25–75%) after 24 weeks of intervention. Secondary variables were assessed using neuropsychological assessment TMT (Trail making test), DSST (Digit symbol substitution test), WHO Quality of life-BREF, and Perceived stress scale. We present an application of the causal inference approach to mediation analysis. Linear regression was used to analyze study outcomes as adjusted mean differences (AMDs), additionally adjusted for their comparable value at baseline. Mediation analysis was also done considering oxidative stress markers as potential mediators. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number CTRI/2019/11/021989. RESULTS At the end of 6 months of intervention, the overall follow-up in the participants was 87.85% (n=123); 90% (n=63) in the control group, and 85.71% in the yoga group (n=60). The mean age of the study cohort (n=140) was 38.75 (SD =7.50) years. Compared with the control group, at 24 weeks post-intervention, the breathing focused Yoga group had significantly improved the markers of airway obstruction, after adjusting for confounders, FEV1, FVC, FEF25-75 [z score adjusted mean differences (95% CI); 1.66 (1.10-2.21), respectively. A fraction of FEF25- 75 change (mediation percentage 23.95%) was explained by glutathione augmentation. There were also significant improvements in cognitive scores of DSST, TMT-A and TMT-B, and WHOQOL-Bref. vii CONCLUSION In this 24-weeks randomized controlled trial on chronically pesticide exposed farmers, breathing focused yoga intervention was significantly more effective than the wait-list control group in the alleviation of spirometry-based indices of airflow limitation and cognitive decline. A significant mediating effect of glutathione augmentation was also observed concerning the effect of the intervention on FEF25-75%. These findings provide an important piece of beneficial evidence of the breathing-based yoga intervention that needs validation across different farming ethnicities. Trial Registration Clinical Trial Registration Number: CTRI/2019/11/021989 Keywords: Farmers, Pesticide exposure, Breathing-focussed Yoga Intervention, Respiratory Decline, Cognitive DeclineItem Role of Yoga and its possible mechanism behind the psychophysiological outcomes in elderly - A Randomized control trial(SVYASA, 2023-01-07) Shree Ganesh H. R.; Subramanya Pailoor; Raghavendra RaoBACKGROUND The ageing process is a biological reality which has its own dynamic progression, usually associated with degenerative changes, loss of role and functionality and an increasing prevalence for chronic non communicable diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, arthritis, cancer, dementia, Parkinson’s etc. Lifestyle approaches such as yoga would therefore mitigate disability and prevent NCD’s. This study aims to evaluate the effects of yoga in reducing stress and improving performance in elderly. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES Aim: To evaluate the effects on possible mechanism behind the integrated yoga practice on psychophysiological outcomes in elderly population. Objectives: To evaluate the effects of yoga on perceived stress, quality of life, sleep, mood, heart rate variability, spinal flexibility, muscle strength in elderly. METHODS Participants Elderly subjects willing to undergo yoga class for three months conducted by Divine Park Trust, Saligrama, Udupi and Kundapura. Subjects will be referred from both primary care physicians and bill board flyers inviting participants to enrol in a lifestyle program to improve their health. Design The proposed study design is a parallel, prospective, waitlisted, randomized controlled trial with 1:1 allocation ratio. Patients will be randomized into intervention arm and control arm. vii Assessments: Primary Outcomes: 1. Quality of Life using older people’s quality of life questionnaire 2. Changes in Heart rate variability Secondary Outcomes 1. Spinal flexibility assessed by Sit and Reach Test 2. Calf muscle strength assessed using and Back and leg dynamometer 3. Hand Grip strength assessed using Hand grip Dynamometer 4. Self-reported depression using Geriatric Depression Scale 5. Insomnia using Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index 6. Stress level using Perceived Stress Scale 7. Constipation using Patient Assessment of Constipation Quality of Life Intervention: The Yoga intervention comprises of Physical postures, Pranayama (controlled breathing), Meditation & Relaxation & will be given under the guidance of an institutionally certified Yoga therapist. The physical postures consist of preliminary stretching exercises followed by breathing practices and asana in four categories (standing, sitting, prone, and supine). RESULTS: Yoga group showed significant reduction (expressed as significance) in all the variables of frequency domain of heart rate variability, LF, HF and LF/HF (p<0.05). All the domains of quality of life were depicted to have a significant improvement in yoga group after a 12 week intervention when compared to control group. (p=0.001). viii Also, perceived stress, depression, spinal flexibility and calf muscle strength was improved in when compared with control group in both between and within group analysis (p=0.001). All the domains of sleep quality and constipation related Quality of life, Hand grip strength and VAS scores depicted an improvement in the yoga group (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The improvement in the quality of life and autonomic function in elderly was mediated by reduction in stress and improvement in their physical and psychological well-beingItem Efficacy of yoga based lifestyle in intervention on acute phase insulin release in pre-diabetes : Randomized active control trial(SVYASA, 2023-01-04) Jintu Kurian; Ramesh M. N.BACKGROUND Pre-diabetes or impaired fasting glucose is a preliminary stage for the onset of Type 2 Diabetes with fasting glucose in the range of 100-125 mg/dl, post prandial blood glucose 140-199 mg/dl and glycated hemoglobin ranging between 5.6-6.4%. Triggers for pre diabetes are defective Glucose stimulated insulin release, insulin secretory defect and impaired incretin effect, all of which adversely affect the beta cell activity thereby hiking blood glucose beyond normal threshold. However, one of the not widely known reasons is abolished acute phase insulin release also known as first phase insulin release. Post glucose uptake, insulin is released in two phases: acute phase and sustained phase. Among individuals with normal glucose tolerance, during the acute phase, insulin level spikes to a maximum from 5 th to 10 th minute, after which the level falls back to baseline reading. This is followed by the second phase also known as sustained phase insulin release (SIR) where the increase is more gradual and lasts to 2 or in certain cases even for 3 hours. Abolished acute phase insulin release when left unaddressed results in pre-diabetes and within 1-10 years leads to the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Also, by the time individual gets detected with T2DM several of the known complications of diabetes would have set in. Previous studies have shown significant reduction in risk of pre-diabetes converting to full blown diabetes with Yoga. Also improved Vagal tone and incretin effect have been associated with improved insulin acute phase insulin secretion. This study outlines the comparative effect of yoga and physical activity on improving Acute Phase Insulin Release (AIR) in pre-diabetes. AIM AND OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to assess the impact of yoga and walking on acute phase insulin release and the mechanism of action of the interventions on pre-diabetes reversal or management THE OBJECTIVES WERE a. To examine the impact of yoga and walking on acute phase insulin release and related hormonal measures like C Peptide, GLP-1 and pro-insulin vi b. To understand the mechanism of action of Yoga on the AIR c. To know how Yoga and walking helps in reversing pre-diabetes to normal METHOD Participants A total of seventy-five (n=75) adults with pre-diabetes were identified from among interested volunteers (N=307) screened from urban part of Bangalore, India. Screening for pre-diabetics was done based on the Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG), Body mass index and Indian Diabetes Risk Scores (IDRS). Out of the total identified people with pre-diabetes (n=75), more than half of the adults (n=42) fitting into the inclusion exclusion criteria who had consented to take part were randomized and recruited into Yoga (n=20) and active control group (n=22). Design Randomized active control trail Assessments Oral glucose tolerance test was performed at baseline and post the intervention period. Variables assessed before and after the intervention are: • Serum Insulin and c-peptide (measured at 10 time points at regular intervals from 0 th minute to 90 th minute (0,3,5,7,10,15,30,45,60 and 90 th minute) post oral intake of diluted (75grams of glucose in 220ml of water) glucose). • Serum GLP-1 (at 0 th minute blood sample) • Pro-insulin (at 0 th minute blood sample) • Heart rate variability • Kidney function test, • Liver function test • Lipid profile • Psychological variables: Perceived stress scale (PSS-10), patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9) and MOS sleep quality index (MOS-SS-12). vii Intervention Standardized Integrated Approach of Yoga Therapy (IAYT) module for type 2 diabetes was administered for 1 hour a day for 5 days a week for 3 months for participants in the Yoga group (YG). Active control group (CG) were monitored for 45 minutes of moderate pace walking a day for five days (220 minutes a week) for three months. RESULTS More than half (n=13, 68%) of the subjects of Yoga group had come back to normoglycemia while a little more than one-fourth (n=5, 26%) remained as pre-diabetes and, one of the subjects (n=1, 5.3%) had turned to type 2 diabetes post the intervention period. In the Control group, only one subject (n=1, 5%) returned to normoglycemia. While less than half of the subjects could retain their glycemic status in pre-diabetes range (n=10, 45%), more than half of the subjects (n=9, 50%) turned out to be type 2 diabetes during the post interventional assessment. In addition, this study showed revival of abolished acute phase insulin release (at 10 minute), which was supported by a comparable pattern of change in the of C Peptide levels. The parameters of HRV (heart rate, RMSSD, HF, LF, LF/HF) when correlated with perceived stress, showed a significant correlation of data of both the yoga and walking group. The correlation result showed the impact of reduced stress on improved function of cardiac autonomic variables. However, the change was found to be much better in yoga group than among the individuals of control group. Also, Yoga group participants showed a significant improvement in the GLP-1, pro-insulin and proinsulin/insulin ratio providing further credence to observed improvement in insulin levels, indicating the mechanism by which the yoga worked. Further supporting evidence was also implied from improved mood and sleep quality assessments in the subjects of Yoga group. Nineteen in yoga and 20 in active control group completed the study. CONCLUSION Yoga intervention was found effective than walking in preventing or delaying the conversion of pre-diabetes to diabetes. Also, all the parameters related to insulin dynamics showed significantly favorable change along with autonomic assessments and stress levels in the Yoga group. This is the first study elucidating the mechanism of action of Yoga in preventing conversion from pre-diabetes to diabetes at the same time providing assurance viii for adopting Yoga for either remission of pre-diabetes or prevention and delaying the onset of type 2 diabetes. Keywords: Pre-diabetes; Yoga; Walking; Acute phase insulin release, Impaired fasting glucose; BMI; diabetes prevention; prevalence; Diabetes risk reduction; Prevention of diabetes Abbreviations: PDM: Pre-diabetes; T2DM: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus; BMI: Body Mass Index; I: Insulin; CP: C-peptideItem Role of finance in yoga related to health, education, and allied industries(SVYASA, 2022-12-22) Dayananda Swamy, H. R.; Karuna Nagarajan; G. Agoramoorthy; Judu IlavarasuYoga has been popularized worldwide mainly due to its utility in health and education. Hence, Yoga has gained a societal relevance in contemporary world. Thus, the traditional purpose of Yoga, which is for spiritual upliftment, has changed to fitness and other immediate physical and mental health benefits. As a result, it may appear that the contemporary practice of Yoga has been largely deviated and diluted. The strength of momentum that is gained in physical culturing through Yoga is indomitable. But it cannot neglect altogether the traditional source and purpose. Yoga, however, should be acknowledged as the easiest and fastest means to bring the first impression about holistic health, and harmony and hence can be a best anchor for building further foundation, deep-rooted in traditional values. In order to facilitate addressing the current needs of the society in a large scale, and to put an anchor through Yoga for later higher spiritual practices, understanding the economic dynamics around Yoga is essential. Economic analysis of Yoga-based activities in India is not adequately presented in terms of scientific research publications. Policy-makers in the government largely depend on accurate data on the economics of Yoga, which is crucial to make strategic decisions. Gathering data on these least explored aspects of Yoga finance is a monumental task involving many government, non-government and corporate agencies. In this thesis, I have attempted to explore these unique dimensions to propose a set of recommendations for policy makers in the state and central government systems. The ideas, options and recommendations proposed in this thesis could create, shape and vi implement a systematic scientific approach to generate financial insinuation records surrounding all Yoga-allied activities that include healthcare, education, and commerce. This will immensely help future stakeholders in various industries to take evidence based decisions on using Yoga as a means to develop their service or business ventures to suit the needs of their targets, goals, and clients. Thus, this thesis has sown a tiny seed in the form of Yoga finance for future development of an entirely new sub-field of intensive research in the economic studies of Yoga. In order to elucidate this idea, I have attempted to present precise observations and outlooks under different chapters with an in-depth logic to pursue practical advances. Chapter 1 provides the general introduction of the entire thesis, covering the important aspects of the whole thesis, that includes role of finance in health, education, and business. Chapter 2 explores the scriptural perspective of Puruṣārthas that forms the foundation for the human pursuit to incorporate Dharma, Artha, Kāma and Mokṣa. Furthermore, it is elaborated on how Artha is the basis for even Kāma and Mokṣa. Particular focus has been made on Dāna and how the Corporate Social Responsibility can be naturally groomed to achieve it. Chapter 3 explores the needs, challenges and opportunities for using Yoga as the core intervention to treat various types of ailments. In order for the government and policy makers to decide on using Yoga as an important tool to address health care needs, vii systematic studies and quantitative data on financial viability of implementing Yoga interventions should be available. Chapter 4 attempts to review the contemporary issues related to the implementation of Yoga in the Indian education system. There is an urgent need to integrate the wisdom of ancient education system to the modern education system, because there are many pitfalls in the modern education system that is difficult to manage with the current approach followed in schools and colleges across India. Chapter 5 presents how Yoga is emerging as a huge business opportunity in India and elsewhere in the world. The key strategy to tap into the emerging economic resources are discussed in this chapter. Specific attempt has been made to evaluate the extent to which tourism sector was affected especially during the COVID-19 pandemic period. Chapter 6 focuses more on elaborating how Yoga can be promoted to meet the expectations of the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) framework. The role of Yoga-based learning and how it could possibly enhance the SDGs are discussed in detail. Chapter 7 summarizes all the previous chapters to propose action-oriented list of recommendations, which can be easily acted upon by the government, policy makers, local bodies for the effective promotion of Yoga to reap the best financial benefits out of this huge economic opportunity emerging out of Yoga. The last chapter 8 concludes by appraising the strengths and weaknesses of the presented thesis.Item Development and psychometric validation of the music receptivity scale(SVYASA, 2022-12-22) Mahesh George; Judu IlavarasuIntroduction One of the most quoted definitions of Yoga is ‘yujyate anena iti yogaù’. Here, ‘Yuj’ in Sanskrit means ‘to Yoke’ or to unite. Here it refers to the union of the jévätmä (individual soul) with the paramätmä (the supreme soul). Music in it true sense is said to be the union of shruti and laya. The perfect union of shruti and laya renders the listeners in a meditative trance provided they submit themselves to the music. Flow experiences (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990) are quite common in music practice, performances and composition. The novel construct introduced in this study focuses on an individual’s experience listening to a given piece of music; the focus is on how he internalizes a given piece of music. ‘Flow’ experiences may occur quite often when an individual internalizes a given piece of music to a great extent. In this study, we proposed and developed a construct, Music Receptivity and further constructed a psychometric instrument called Music Receptivity Scale (MRS), field-tested it and data analysis revealed good psychometric properties. Literature review Ancient scriptures were reviewed which unraveled various aspects of music and how music could be used as a tool for personal and spiritual upliftment. Further, scientific literature review revealed multiple studies that focused on musical engagement, musical aptitude etc. Multiple psychometric instruments are available which measures the trait aspects predominantly, of music listening and engagement. Hence, we clearly saw a lacunae for state measuring instruments in music listening. However, these studies gave us rich inputs while developing the Music Receptivity Scale (MRS). Aim To develop an instrument to measure music receptivity in the context of Indian music. Objectives 1. To construct an instrument to measure music receptivity by item generation and validation. iii 2. To test and validate the instrument amongst different individuals in the context of Indian music. 3. To find out the validity of the developed instrument (in a bhajan setup) amongst yoga population. Methods Participants For phase 1 of the study, with the aim of generating items for the instrument, we approached music experts from the department of music, University of Kerala and also Sree Swathi Tirunal College of Music, Trivandrum, for in-depth unstructured interviews. Data redundancy was reached by the 7th interview. Further we approached another 7 experts from the field of music for a Focus Group Discussion, from above-mentioned two colleges. For phase 2, we approached two colleges, one was Marian Engineering College, Trivandrum and the other was Immanuel College, Vazhichal. We conducted the pilot study with 63 individuals from Marian Engineering College and field-testing of the tool with 212 individuals from the same college. Additionally we conducted field-testing with 101 individuals from Immanuel College, Vazhichal. Further, we field-tested the tool with 44 musicians from the Department of Music, University of Kerala. In order to validate the MRS among the Yoga population, we selected 72 Yoga students (male -28, female – 44) from S-VYASA Yoga University, Bengaluru. Mean age among male students were 26 and that among female students were 25. Design The research design was a mixed design, employing both qualitative and quantitative methods. Phase 1 was qualitative study and phase 2 was quantitative study employing survey method. The Music Receptivity Scale (MRS) was also validated amongst a Yoga population. Assessment tools For the qualitative phase: In-depth interview guide (Probe questions) iv Focus group discussion guide For the quantitative phase: Music Receptivity Scale (MRS) Marlowe Crowne Social Desirability Scale (SDS) d2 test of attention Interest In Music (IIM) Scale Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS-SF) Mind Wandering Scale (MWS) Data extraction and analysis Three sets of data, pilot (n=63), general population (n=313), musicians (n=44) were separately analyzed. The final sample size used to report the results is 313, which is in the ratio of 13 cases per item, more than the recommended 10 cases per item. All the analyses were done using R statistical software, version 3.4.2 (R Development Core Team, 2020) and its packages psych (Revelle, 2019). To refine the construct of music receptivity, and to get inputs for item generation, we conducted unstructured in-depth interviews and focus group discussion. Items were generated based on the inputs obtained from the in-depth interviews and the FGD. The consolidated questionnaire had 23 items designed to capture the domains of attention, interest, lyrical appraisal, emotional experience and hurdles. As the aim of this study was to evaluate the structure of music receptivity scale (MRS), we used exploratory factor analysis to determine the number and nature of underlying factors of MRS. We used parallel analysis to determine the number of factors to retain (Horn, 1965); principal axis factoring was performed to evaluate the number of underlying factors by employing oblique rotation (oblimin) as the domains were anticipated to be correlated. Maximum iterations for convergence were fixed at 1000. The analyses revealed more than one solution. v Results Data analysis yielded two solutions – a two factor solution (Affect and Attention) and a four factor solution (Emotion, interest, attention and hurdles). Validation amongst Yoga population yielded mixed results for convergent and divergent validity. Discussion We intended to develop an instrument to measure music receptivity, field test it and assess its psychometric properties and as a culmination of which, we developed a 20- item questionnaire having four domains (emotional experience, interest, attention, hurdles) and a shorter 12-item version of the same. The two-factor solution was a reduced item version, and it yielded the two most important meta-components of music receptivity, i.e., affect and attention. The affect domain included interest and emotional experience, whereas attention remained as a separate factor. We could also observe discriminant validity between musicians and non-musicians, where the musicians had significantly higher music receptivity scores compared to non musicians. Conclusion The Music Receptivity Scale was developed and it has a 20 item long form and a 12 item short form. As this tool was primarily intended for music therapy purposes, this tool needs to be field tested in music therapy settings. Further, the mode of application of this tool could be via a mobile application for the ease of use.Item Effect of yoga on children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in special school environments(SVYASA, 2022-12-22) Sindhu Shanker; Balaram PradhanBACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), the most common neurodevelopmental disorder, refers to a group of disorders distinctly characterized by core symptoms of deficits in social communication and interaction and restrictive, repetitive behaviors. Other psychological and physiological comorbidities frequently accompany this disorder. As a heterogeneous condition, ASD ranges from mild to severe across a continuum with varying degrees of impairments in functioning involving communication, cognition, language, behavior, and other health conditions. Autism severity defines the level of support needed by the children for their day-to-day functioning. This disorder is increasingly reported amongst school-age children in India, where many children with ASD attend special schools to receive support for learning basic functional and academic skills. Most of the major challenges associated with children in school environments include social skills deficits and problem behaviors. Other common physiological conditions prevalent in children with ASD are poor motor proficiency, food and digestion problems, and sleep disorders. Such challenges usually manifest in the form of various behavioral issues and chronic stress, significantly affecting learning in school environments. Yoga is recognized as a mind-body intervention that promotes physical, physiological, and psychological well-being in children with ASD and aids in the reduction of many autism-related symptoms. Yoga classes as group intervention for the children with ASD within the familiar and conductive school environment benefit all children by providing a consistent opportunity for participation to all students. Evidence-based studies suggest that yoga can be an effective alternative mind-body intervention that positively impacts various aspects of autism. 6 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The aims and objectives of the present study were to assess the effect of yoga on children with ASD across four special schools: - Autism severity - Social skills deficits - Problem behaviors - Motor proficiency - Food and digestion problems - Sleep disorders - Evaluate the feasibility of conducting a regular group yoga intervention for children with ASD in special school environments METHODS A total of 43 children with ASD from 4 special schools were randomly divided into two groups: the experimental yoga group (n=23) and the waitlist control group (n=20) based on the Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist (ATEC) scores taken as a measure of autism severity as evaluated by the parents of children with ASD. Participants Participants consisted of 43 children with ASD having a formal diagnosis of autism under the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) for assessing children under the Autism Spectrum Disorder. The participants consisted of male and female children (M: F=19:4) between the age group of 5-15 years across four special schools. 7 Design A randomized controlled open-label trial was employed for the study across four special schools to explore the effect of the yoga intervention as a daily school group program for children with ASD Assessments Autism Evaluation Checklist (ATEC) Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Aberrant Behavior Checklist -2 (ABC-2) Bruininks- Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, Brief Form-2 (BOT-2 Brief) Food and Digestion Checklist Sleep Checklist Yoga Feedback Checklist Intervention The yoga intervention consisted of a school-based group yoga program for children with ASD conducted on all school days for 12 weeks. The yoga program consisted of twelve structured yoga modules consisting of simple yoga practices compatible with the needs and benefits of children with ASD. The structured yoga program of 45 minutes was delivered by two trained yoga teachers in each special school. 8 Results As a group intervention, yoga was feasible to be delivered in special schools for children with ASD with high participation and performance responses. The parents reported a significant decrease in the yoga group compared to the control group in autism severity (p = .001). No significant changes were found in food and digestion problems and sleep disorders. The teachers reported improvement in the social withdrawal aspect of problem behaviors in children (p = .005), with no changes in social skills deficits. Yoga was found to positively impact the motor proficiency of children with ASD (p = .007). Conclusions The study has shown that it is feasible to conduct a regular group yoga intervention for children with ASD in terms of participation and performance responses. The study has demonstrated that children with ASD have benefitted in many aspects, such as autism severity, problem behaviors, and motor proficiency, with a carefully planned intervention suited for special school environments. Thus, yoga can be integrated into special school environments for the holistic management and well-being of children with ASD.Item Bio-mechanics of yogasanas : A study of alignment and proficiency(SVYASA, 2022-12-22) Mohan Kishore D.; Manjunath N. K.BACKGROUND Yoga is a traditional Indian way of keeping the mind and body fit, through physical postures (asanas), voluntarily regulated breathing (pranayama), meditation and relaxation techniques. The recent pandemic has seen a huge surge in the number of yoga practitioners, many practicing without proper guidance which leads to unexpected injury. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The present study was designed to develop a technology-driven pose estimation method to assess and evaluate yoga postures to understand the level of accuracy. It will assist practitioners to perform any yoga posture with the support of a machine learning algorithm. METHODS Participants Twenty practitioners in the age group of 18 to 60 years performing different postures in real time were captured and fed separately to the proposed architectures and a comparison of the estimated accuracy was done. Design The present exploratory study included a group of 20 yoga practitioners to assess the accuracy and proficiency of yoga postures. Assessments: The image of a yoga practitioner performing an asäna is captured by a camera and fed separately to the four deep learning architectures, which then estimate the pose performed by the practitioner by comparing it with the pre-trained model. An error is shown if it does not match any of the five asanas. Intervention: The five yoga poses considered for posture estimation are (a) Ardhacandräsana (Half-moon pose) (b) Täòäsana (Mountain pose) (c) Trikoëäsana (Triangular pose) (d) Vérabhadräsana (Warrior pose-II) (e) Våkñäsana (Tree pose) Results: In this work, four distinct deep learning architectures-Epipolarpose, Openpose, Posenet, and Mediapipe-were utilized to evaluate yoga postures. The results show that, despite only utilising one camera, Mediapipe outperforms the other approaches in terms of accuracy. Five yoga postures have had their poses estimated using various suggested methods. Following the model's validation, the posture correctness of 20 real-time sample photos was estimated using the model. Conclusions: The health and fitness industry can employ human pose estimation efficiently. The huge range of poses with high degrees of freedom, the occlusions caused by the body or other objects blocking limbs as viewed from the camera, and the wide range of appearances or clothes make pose assessment for fitness applications particularly difficult. The mediapipe design offers the best estimation accuracy, according to this study, which evaluates the estimation of five different posturesItem A study on the effect of integrated yoga program on self satisfaction among T2DM patients of Mongoloid origin attending JNIMS, Imphal(SVYASA, 2022-12-22) Nongthombam Ibohal, Singh; Balaram Pradhan; KSH Achouba SinghBackground Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is becoming a leading metabolic disorder characterised by a chronic hyperglycaemic condition and change in lipid profile resulting from insufficient action of insulin. Many studies on the beneficial effects of yoga on T2DM patients of different races and ethnic groups of urban and semi-urban areas of developed and developing countries have been widely reported. However, there is lack of systematic research work on the efficacy of yoga on management of patients with T2DM of Mongoloid race of North-East India. Aim and objectives The present study aimed to investigate the efficacy of yoga lifestyle intervention on clinical outcome measures coupled with evaluation of Health Satisfaction and Quality of Life using appropriate self-reported questionnaires among the T2DM patients of mongoloid race of Oriental region of Manipur, a remotest boundary state of India neighbouring to Myanmar. Methods The current study was a randomized control study. Of the 1980 candidates enrolled for treatment of diabetes as OPD patients at the Endocrinology Department of JNIMS Hospital, 450 patients proved to be T2DM based on the clinical tests data and anthropometric characteristics were screened out for randomization. On further examination applying inclusive and exclusive criteria, three hundred and four patients confirmed for T2DM of both sexes were randomized into 151 experimental group (EG) and 153 control group (CG).The experimental yoga group was prescribed oral anti-glycaemic agents and in addition followed an ideal yoga module intervention for one and half hour daily for 6 days a week for 4 months. The control group was prescribed oral anti-glycaemic agents only and did not perform any type of exercise during the period. Before and after intervention Glycaemic status, Lipid parameters and information on Health Satisfaction and Quality of Life questionnaires were collected. Results Primary outcome measures of Glycaemic indices had significant reduction in (p < 0.001) in both groups. There was a significant reduction in Group x Time interaction for HbA1c [p< 0.001, η2 = 0.179], FBG [p<0.001, η2 =0.054] and PPBG [p <0.001, η2 = 0.029]. Significant reduction (p < 0.001) was observed in Lipid parameters except HDL that indicated significant increase (p < 0.001). There was a significant reduction in Group x Time interaction for TC [p < 0.001, η2 = 0.061], TG [p < 0.001, η2 = 0.097], LDL [p <0.001, η2 = 0.067], and VLDL [p < 0.001 η2 = 0.038], and increase in HDL [p< 0.001, η2 = 0.198]. The secondary outcome measures such as SBP, DBP had significant reduction (p <0.001) in both groups. But BW and BMI had significant reduction (p< 0.001) in the yoga group but negatively significant (p< 0.001) in the control group. Group x Time interaction also showed significant positive reduction in BMI [p < 0.001, η2 = 0.300], SBP [p< 0.001, η 2 = 0.060] and DBP [p< 0.001, η 2 = 0.034] whereas BMI showed negatively significant in control group. Overall comparison of the results, the yoga intervention group outperforms over the control group. Conclusions: The study inferred that the T2DM patients of mongoloid race could manage diabetes in improving hormonal homeostasis and controlling the glycaemic status with the life style modification through yoga practice. The study supports yoga as body and mind medicine leading to balancing and harmonising the physical and psychological stress holistically. The study discusses how the T2DM patients achieve the treatment goal of self-satisfaction through yogic life style which could reduce or stop the conventional medication treatment. Keywords: T2DM, Glycaemic control, Lipid profile, Current Health Satisfaction, Quality of Life, Self satisfaction