G.Yoga Theses PhD.

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Yoga Theses by Yoga PhD Students at SVYASA. These pages present some efforts at Scientific Validation of Yoga. You may receive full text of available yoga research papers

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    A study on impact of yoga in improvement of Physical, Psychological, and Social fitness among adolescents
    (S-VYASA, 2019-11-02) Choukse, Astha
    Discovering and promoting ways to improve adolescents’ overall fitness has been a recurrent concern and challenge in the field of health and psychology. Adolescence, as a period of transition, is highly prone to health risks and unhealthy behavior patterns. Decrease in physical activity, improper food habits, and sedentary lifestyle in adolescents are very prevalent today. These factors can constitute risks to physical, mental, and social health. Adolescence is the right time to promote healthy practices to prevent problems of health and behavior in adulthood. Even though, fitness during adolescence is considered essential, there is a dearth for effective programs that promote overall fitness in adolescents. Available programs lack in holisticity or integrative approach as they focus on either of the fitness domains such as physical, psychological, or social domains. Indian classical texts provide immense conceptual resources and guidelines on different aspects of life. Texts like Bhagavad-Gita, Taittiriya Upanishad, Patanjali Yoga Sutras explain various components of fitness and techniques that promote fitness at different domains. Integrative approach Yoga is considered an important intervention that provides the right dose of activities to promote health and wellbeing at all five koshas. Research studies indicate that although yoga is being implemented in schools, little is done on studying its effect on overall fitness of adolescents. While yoga in schools is a popular program, residential yoga camps for adolescents are less heard. Further, research studies on the effect of short-term residential yoga program has not been cited. There is also a need to develop effective holistic yoga program that can be replicated in different adolescent populations and different setting other than school as well. AIMS & OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study is to evaluate the efficacy of a seven-day residential, integrated, holistic yoga intervention on certain physical, psychological, and social fitness parameters in adolescents. The primary objective of the study is to examine the effect of yoga on a. Physical fitness, such as strength, speed, flexibility, and coordination b. Psychological, fitness such as Emotional Intelligence, anger, and self-concept c. Social fitness, such as empathy, social competence, altruism, and relationships The secondary objectives are a) To develop an integrated yoga module for overall fitness among adolescents b) To understand the difference in the effects of yoga across genders and age groups. c) To explore the relationships between the changes across physical, psychological and social domains. d) To assess if parents’ observations coincided with that of their children. MATERIALS & METHODS A pre-post yoga interventional study was carried out in three independent cohorts (batches 1, 2 and 3) with sample size of 148 (57.8% male), 167 (73.1% male), and 195 (62.1% male), respectively. The participants of the study included healthy adolescent children (both girls and boys) aged between 9 and 16 years, studying in English-medium schools. The samples were drawn from the children who registered for the seven-day residential yoga camp. Ethical approval and consent from parents and participants were obtained. A seven-day integrated yoga intervention was conducted in a residential setting. The intervention included Asana, Pranayama, Relaxation, Meditation, and also Jnana yoga (Yama- Niyama concepts) and Bhakti yoga. The intervention was spread over from morning 5.00 am till night 9.30 pm with intermittent breaks and free time. Food and lifestyle remained same for all the participants during the program. Physical fitness tasks such as body mass index (BMI), plate-taping test (PLT), sit and reach (SAR), standing broad jump (SBJ), sit-ups (SUP), and 10x5m shuttle run (10x5mR) were assessed using Eurofit battery. Psychological assessments included emotional intelligence, emotional regulation strategies, clinical anger, and self-concept. Social assessments included social competence, empathy, altruism, parent relationship, and peer friendship. Authorized scales and software were used for assessments and relevant analyses were carried out. Data was collected from the participants and their parents using respective versions of the scales for psychosocial assessments.
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    EFFECT OF INTEGRATED YOGA IN NURSING PROFESSIONALS WITH CHRONIC LOW BACK PAIN – A RANDOMIZED CONTROL TRIAL
    (S-VYASA, 2018-11) PATIL, NEETINAKUMAR; Tekur, Padmini; Nagendra, H. R.; Monohar, P.V.
    Background: Chronic Low back pain (CLBP) adversely affects health-related quality of life in nursing professionals. Yoga has positive impact on LBP. Studies assessing the effects of Yoga on CLBP in nursing population are lacking. Aim: Present study is conducted to evaluate and compare the effect of integrated Yoga and physical exercises on pain, disability, psychological parameters and quality of life in nurses with CLBP. Methods: It is a prospective randomized control trail.88 female nursing professionals of age 33.77±3.44 years from a tertiary care hospital of South India were randomized in to yoga group (YG) (n=44; 31.45 ± 3.47 years) and control [exercise] group (CG) (n=44; 32.75 ± 3.71). YG was intervened with Integrated Yoga Therapy Module (IYTM) practices, one hour per day, five days week for six weeks. CG practiced a set of physical exercises for the same duration. All subjects were assessed using Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) for pain, Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ) for functional disability, Fear Avoidance Belief Questionnaire- physical (FABQpa), Fear Avoidance Belief Questionnaire - work (FABQw), State and Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI), and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Heart Rate Variability (HRV) [low frequency (LF), high frequency (HF), LF/HF ratio] and WHO quality of life questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF) at baseline and end of six week intervention. Data were analyzed by paired samples t test and independent samples t test for within group and between group comparisons respectively by using SPSS version 22. Results: After six weeks of Yoga intervention, we found a significant decrease in NRS (p<0.001), RMDQ (p<0.001), FABQpa (p<0.001), FABQw (p<0.001), State Anxiety (p<0.001), Trait Anxiety (p<0.001), BDI (p<0.001), and PSS (p<0.001), LF/ HF ratio (p<0.001), WHOQOL-BREF [Physical (p<0.001), Psychological(p<0.001), Social(p<0.001)] but did not differ statistically for HF (p=0.24) and LF (p=0.103), environmental-QoL (p=0.078) variables compared to baseline in YG. After six weeks of physical exercise intervention, there was a significant decrease in NRS (p<0.001), RMDQ (p<0.001), FABQpa (p<0.001), FABQw (p<0.001), State Anxiety (p=0.031), BDI (p<0.001), and PSS (p<0.001), WHOQOL-BREF [Physical (p<0.001), Psychological(p<0.001), Social(p<0.001)] but did not differ statistically for Trait Anxiety (p=0.29), LF (p=0.513), HF (p=0.555) and LF/HF ratio (p=0.615), environmental- QoL (p=0.0957) variables compared to baseline in CG. On comparison between groups, YG showed a significant decrease in NRS (p<0.001), RMDQ (p<0.001), FABQpa (p<0.001), FABQw (p<0.001), State Anxiety (p<0.001), Trait Anxiety (p=0.025), BDI (p<0.001), and PSS (p<0.001), LF (p=0.01), LF/ HF ratio (p<0.001), WHOQOL-BREF [Physical (p<0.001), Psychological(p<0.001), Social(p<0.001)] but did not differ statistically for in HF (p=0.32) and environmental-QoL (p=0.25) variables compared to control group for post assessment. Conclusions: Integrated Yoga intervention was found to be more beneficial in improving pain, disability, anxiety, stress, fear avoidance, heart rate variability and quality of life among nursing professionals with chronic low back pain. There was a negative correlation between psychological parameters and quality of life at baseline.
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    Optimal and efficient regulation through yoga : A gene expression study
    (S-VYASA, 2018) Ragavendrasamy, B.; Manjunath, N. K.; Ramesh, M. N.
    Antarctica, has been of interest to humans to understand multiple facets of earth, evolution and changes happening in the environment. Humans travelling periodically to Antarctica undergo stress due to capsule environment and environmental conditions. Stay in Antarctica is understood to affect cognition, behavior, emotions and increase shedding of latent virus. Yoga, an ancient Indian system and way of life has been proven to alleviate stress, promote psycho-social wellbeing, regulate the autonomic nervous system, immunity, endocrine system and also improves cognitive outcomes. Despite several studies proving Yoga to be an effective intervention, the mechanism of action of Yoga practices are least understood. This gene expression study was designed with an objective to understand the role of yoga practices in facilitating human adaptation in extreme environmental conditions. Methods: Twenty-five Members of age 35±7.8 years, screened negative for pre-existing psychological and pathological conditions and declared clinically healthy for the 35th Indian Scientific expedition to Antarctica were recruited for the study following obtaining written informed consent. A yoga module was designed and validated for administration during sea voyage and at Antarctica. The intervention was administered for one hour daily for 87 days consisting of sea voyage and stay at Antarctica . Psychological assessments for sleep quality and perseverative cognition were performed at the start and on completion of the expedition. Blood samples were collected at four timepoints: baseline, on reaching Antarctica, while departing from Bharati and before departing from Antarctica. Single color Gene expression studies were conducted on blood samples collected at baseline, on reaching Antarctica and before departing from Antarctica. As the baseline serum samples were not available, Biochemistry tests and chemiluminescence assays were performed on other three timepoints. Results: A significant improvement in daytime dysfunction [F(1,16) =5.214, p=0.04] and perseverative cognition [F(1,16) = 28.121, p≤0.001] were observed in Yoga group. Whereas, control group subjects showed a contrasting change. A pattern of constant increase in lipid profile was noted in both the groups but yoga group had associated overexpressed cardio-protective genes. Less number of genes were consistently differentially regulated in the yoga group suggesting better efficiency. A distinct pattern facilitating delaying cell cycle, promoting fatty acid biosynthesis, DNA repair, maintenance of DNA fidelity and better cellular stress response was seen in yoga group. Whereas, diverse gene expressions involving apoptosis, cell replication, promotion of oxidative stress, inflammation, and DNA repair were observed in the control group. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it appears that Yoga practices would be helpful in extreme environmental conditions and work uniquely on every individual based on their inherent nature and facilitate efficient and optimal adaptation. Based on our findings, we also propose a model of ‘Intelligent Consciousness’ which facilitates the congruence between the body and mind enabling the system to be optimal and efficient.
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    Neurocognitve and Psychophysiological changes associated with Kumbhaka - Yogic breath holding
    (S-VYASA, 2018) Apar Avinash, Saoji; Sharma, N.K. Manjunath; Bhat, Raghavendra
    Präëäyäma is the 4th limb, among the practices of añöängayoga. It has been described in the as cessation of breathing, in the aphorisms of the sage Patanjali (Saraswati, 2011). The practice of präëäyäma involves modulation of breath and includes three phases viz., püraka (inhalation), recaka (exhalation) and kumbhaka (holding of breath) (Nagendra, 2007). The practice of Breath Holding (Kumbhaka) is considered as an essential part of the practice of präëäyäma. Although the effects of the practice of different präëäyäma techniques have been studied, there is lack of clear understanding about the effects of kumbhaka. The traditional texts of yoga emphasize on the practice of intermittent breath holding, however, such practice has sought very limited scientific attention. The proposed multiple health benefits of intermittent yogic breath holding include an increase in hemoglobin by increasing erythropoietin, increase in vascular endothelial growth factor leading to the formation of collaterals, reduction in blood pressure and resistance to cellular damage and thereby delayed ageing (Malshe, 2011). A study demonstrated reduced pulse rate and increased galvanic skin resistance, following alternate nostril breathing (ANB) with intermittent breath holding (Turankar et al., 2013). Another study demonstrated an increase in oxygen consumption while performing Ujjayi Pranayama with breath holding for a short duration. In contrast, lowered oxygen consumption was observed with prolonged breath holding (Telles & Desiraju, 1991). Since the practice of ANB and Ujjayi Pranayama are found to influence the human physiology even without the practice of breath holding (Bhavanani, Ramanathan, Balaji, & Pushpa, 2014; Lee & Ghiya, 2012; Mason et al., 2013), the effects of intermittent breath holding remain unclear. AIM AND OBJECTIVES The present study is proposed to understand the immediate changes in the neurocognitive abilities and cardiac autonomic regulation following yogic breath holding (YBH) in healthy volunteers. The objectives of the study were to investigate the effects following the practice of YBH on i) cardiovascular responses, ii) baroreceptor sensitivity, iii) heart rate variability and iv) performance in Stop Signal Task. METHODS Participants A total of seventy-six volunteers of both genders with their ages ranging from 18 to 30 years participated in the study. They were students of a Yoga University from South India. They had a minimum experience of practice of yoga of 6 months. Design For assessing the cardiovascular and autonomic changes, we adapted self as control design, wherein, each participant was assessed twice, during the experimental and control session. The assessments were done for the duration of 5 min before and immediately after the practice of YBH or control sessions. For the assessment of performance in Stop Signal Task, repeated measures design was adapted. Each participant was assessed thrice; at baseline, following the practice of YBH and control sessions.
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    IMPACT OF INTEGRATED YOGA MODULE ON LEADERSHIP COMPETENCIES OF MANAGERS BASED ON VEDANTA MODEL OF LEADERSHIP
    (S-VYASA, 2017) Taware, Datta S.
    Abstract: Leadership remains one of the most researched topics but scientific mechanisms behind the phenomenon are not yet known completely. This research work was organised with two major tasks – Developing ‗Vedanta Model of Leadership‘ which is based on extensive literature research of ancient texts especially Advaita Vedanta of Adi Shankaracharya and providing empirical evidence with yoga intervention using modern theories and measurement tools based on them. The purpose of this research was to explore the impact of Integrated Yoga Module on Leadership competencies with three measurements scales - Indian Transformational Leadership (ITL), Decision Making Style, Quality of Life (QOL) and Guna Personality Inventory and test model for leadership phenomenon. We conducted the Randomized control trial study on total 126 Managers with 90 days of intervention. Integrated Yoga Module (Yoga group) (n=63) and Physical Exercise (PhyEx group) (n=63) participants. Experiments revealed that Leadership competencies are affected by both Integrated Yoga Module and Physical Exercise significantly (p<0.001). RM ANOVA results show that Yoga group has shown high effect size than Physical Exercise and has consistent significant effect over repeated measures. Integrated Yoga Module has positive impact on most of domain variables of Indian Transformational Leadership, Decision Making Style and Quality of Life with emotional and cognitive domains requiring willpower and self control while Physical Exercise has partial inconsistent impact only on few domains of the Leadership Competencies. Integrated Yoga Module increases Satva Guna and Physical Exercise increases Rajas guna while both reduce Tamas Guna in Human System.
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    Effect of yoga on Psycho-Physical functioning of nursing students - Randomized wait-list controlled study
    (S-VYASA, 2018) Mathad, Monali D.; Pradhan, Balaram; Rajesh, S. K.
    INTRODUCTION Nursing students experience considerable amount of stress to meet their professional demands both academic and clinical requirements. However, yoga is an effective practice to reduce stress and improve psychological and physical well-being. AIM To evaluate the effectiveness of an 8-week yoga intervention on psycho-physical functioning of nursing students. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a randomized wait-list control trial. We recruited 100 students from Kempegowda Institute of Nursing, Bangalore and randomized them into two groups (yoga=50 and wait-list control=50 students). The following instruments were used to collect the data, Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI), Self-Compassion Scale- short form (SCS-SF), Connor– Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), Jefferson Scale of Empathy HPS-Version (JSE-HPS), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Sit and Reach Test, Peak Flow Meter, Handgrip Dynamometer, Pinch Gauge and Purdue Pegboard. Data was analyzed using Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance (RM-ANOVA) followed by post-hoc Bonferroni correction for all the variables. RESULTS Our study findings have revealed that an 8-week yoga intervention significantly improved mindfulness (p=.005), self-compassion (p=.016), low back and hamstring flexibility (p<.001), pinch strength chunk (p=.013), and pulp (p=.024) among nursing students in the yoga group than compared to the wait-list control (WLC) group. Also, there was a significant improvement in peak expiratory flow rate (p<.001) in both the groups. And, in hand dexterity sub-scales there were significant improvements; right hand both the groups (p=.006), left hand yoga group (p=.006), WLC group (p=.001), and in assembly test yoga group (p=.009) and the WLC group (p=.027) respectively. Even though, our results were non-significant the following improvements were witnessed among participants of the yoga group in contrast to the WLC group. There were improvements in resilience and perceived stress in the yoga group but not in WLC group. However, there were improvements in satisfaction with life and pinch strength (lateral) among both the groups though results were non-significant. Contrary to our expectation, decrease in empathy was reported in both the groups, but significant decrease in empathy (p=.049) was noticed in the WLC group. Likewise, there was a significant decrease in left handgrip strength (p<.001) in the WLC group and non-significant results in the yoga group for both hands. CONCLUSION Overall, the present study has demonstrated mixed results. Though we could not elucidate significant improvements in all the variables, increase in mindfulness, self-compassion, low back and hamstring flexibility, and pinch strength are worth noting. This improvement in psycho-physical functioning aid nursing students to meet demands of the profession. Hence, yoga intervention can be recommended in the nursing education.
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    Effect of yoga on health related physical fitness and psycho-motor ability in children with intellectual disability
    (S-VYASA, 2019-11) Pise, Vishvanath N.
    Background: For children with intellectual disability (ID), fitness and overall newlinefunctioning is lower as they are not active during the course of school days and have newlineless opportunities to participate in physical activities available to their peers. Moreover, newlinethey show disorders at perceptive-motor development and coordination levels. As newlinecompared to other groups with disabilities, these individuals have more functional newlinelimitations in an adaptive behavior and motor function. newlineAim: The aim of the present study is to assess an outcome of yoga practices on healthrelated physical fitness and psycho-motor performance in intellectually disabled newlinechildren. newlineMethods: A Quasi experimental pre-post- design has been used for conducting this newlineresearch study. The purposive sample is randomly assigned into the experimental group newline(n = 35; 24 male and 11 female, age group mean ±SD; 12.37±1.43 years) and the control newline(n = 35; 19 male and 16 female, age group mean ±SD; 13.0±1.7 years) group by making newlinethe use of table random numbers. Both the experimental and control groups were newlineassessed on the first day and after 12 weeks of the interventions for health-related newlinephysical fitness, static balance, eye hand co-ordination, agility and reaction time by newlineusing standardized tests. The subjects of the experimental group then underwent a newlinetraining of yoga practices, under the supervision of a yoga expert for one hour in newlineevenings, excluding Saturdays, Sundays and holidays for a total period of 12 weeks. newlineThe control group did not undergo any yoga training during this period. However, both newlinethe groups continued to participate in their regular extra-curricular activities during newlineschool hours. There were 35 subjects in each group at the baseline testing. However, at newlinethe end of 12 weeks, there were 32 subjects in the experimental group and 29 subjects in the control group because of nine drop-outs. The drop-outs were due to reasons like newlinedisinterest, illness and absence during either the pre-test or post-test. newlineResults: Health Related Physical Fitness:
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    Empirical evidence for increased creative cognition and associated EEG Synchrony following experience of self during low default mode network activity in youth
    (S-VYASA, 2018) Shetkar, Reshma M.; Hankey, Alex; Nagendra, H. R.
    Background: Western science divides the creative process into four stages: preparation, incubation, illumination and verification. The scientific study of creativity now focuses on brain function studying how different brain regions are involved, suggesting that process depends on coordinated use of the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes of the brain. Brain studies indicate that EEG coherence is a bio-marker signature, suggesting that creativity involves increased integration between different brain regions. Traditional Indian approaches to understanding creativity are based on expanded states of mind described in Vedic literature. They suggest that ‘expansion of mind’ is the key step, achieved by practice of deep meditations. The disparity between the two approaches western and eastern, suggests that considering both together may bring deeper insights. Deep meditation is known to bring illumination, which is important. Brain mechanisms suggest themselves as illumination correlates with brain coherence and synchrony. Eastern wisdom may help resolve problems in the scientific approach. Eastern Literature: Certain Upaniñat, Çikñä, Yoga, and Alaìkära Çästra contain insights into the nature of creativity. The Upaniñat have deep implications for workings of the mind. Çikñä identifies four levels of speech: transcendental, ideas, linguistic thoughts, and speech. Ideas form the basis for cognition. Yoga brings access to the deepest level of consciousness Samädhi, the ‘blank’ state of mind held to be necessary for incubation; and Åtambharä Prajïä, the state where creativity arises. The works of Vyasa, Kälidäsa, and Saint Jïäneçvara, all experts in Alaìkära Çästra, offer examples of profound processes of cognition and creativity. The Upaniñat offer insights and patterns of thought that guide disciples of Masters to their own realization of illumination, and abilities to help solve humanity’s problems.
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    Effect of add-on Yoga therapy on social cognition in schizophrenia
    (S-VYASA, 2017-11) Ramajayam, G.
    Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder affecting young adults with a lifetime prevalence of 1%. It’s characterized by three important symptom clusters namely positive, negative & cognitive symptoms. Except for the positive symptoms, there are no effective treatments available for the negative and cognitive symptoms. In addition, the existing treatments are not free of side effects; some causing extrapyramidal side effects and others causing metabolic side effects. Unavailability of effective biological treatments for negative and cognitive symptoms adds to the already existing burden of socio-occupational dysfunction associated with these symptom clusters. Psychosocial interventions are available targeting a few or most of the domains of social cognition with or without neurocognition training. But majority of them [for example, Cognitive Enhancement Therapy(CET), Social Cognition Interaction Training(SCIT)] are highly resource intensive and its feasibility in developing countries are questionable, though they might be effective. Moreover, they were developed among the western patient population and its cultural validity in eastern countries with more of religious inclination is yet to be tested. Hence, there is a need to explore the role of other complementary therapies like yoga for an integrated approach in treating patients with schizophrenia. Yoga as a mind-body therapy is useful in lifestyle related disorders, including neuropsychiatric disorders. In healthy adults and elderly, yoga is found to be efficacious in improving cognitive skills. Yoga has been shown to significantly improve negative symptoms and functioning in schizophrenia patients. In a recent study, along with improvements in functioning, yoga also increased oxytocin levels along with improvement in Facial Emotion Recognition Deficit (FERD) in patients with schizophrenia.(Jayaram et al., 2013). In this study, we hypothesized that practice of yoga for one month would improve social cognition in patients with schizophrenia.
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    Effect of Yoga based Life Style Program (YLSP) in improving Quality of Life after Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) Surgery- A randomized Controlled Trial with 5 years follow-up
    (S-VYASA, 2018-12-30) Amaravathi, E; Nagendra, H.R.; Nagarathna, R
    Background: Modern medicine has given fascinating surgical and pharmacological solutions for many critical health issues. Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG) is done for Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)/ Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) to save life in double and triple vessel disease in India and Asian countries. But it cannot be a complete solution because the basic cause of the disease is not tackled. Lifestyle being the initiation of the disease, it can affect health and lead to re-occurrence of CAD and re-operation even after CABG. Lifestyle modification in a systematic plan in relation to overall health, is necessary. The most difficult task is the follow-up on life style management for prevention and progression of atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to use yoga based lifestyle program for looking at the quality of life (QOL) after CABG. Objectives: (1) To carryout long-term follow-up in an ongoing prospective two armed randomized controlled trial (RCT) of Yoga based Life Style Program (YLSP). (2) To compare the effect of YLSP with Conventional Life Style Program (CLSP) on QOL levels at the end of 1st and 5th year after CABG. (3) To compare the effect of YLSP with CLSP on levels of stress, depression, anxiety and affect at the end of 5th year after CABG. Methodology: Three hundred patients posted for CABG at Narayana Hrudayalaya Institute of Cardiac Sciences (NHICSc), in Bengaluru, India were randomized into two groups, yoga based lifestyle program (YLSP) and conventional lifestyle program (CLSP), for a funded project between 2005 to 2007 and were followed up. QOL was measured in those patients who have completed 5 years. Inclusion criteria: Male patients posted for CABG at NHICSc in age of 35-65 years residing within 200 km around the hospital. Exclusion criteria: Females, patients posted for CABG with Ejection fraction (EF) less than 50%, those with other associated cardiac problems and other organ disorders/ diseases were excluded. Sample size: Three hundred patients posted for CABG between 2005 and 2007 were recruited for the study; 150 were allotted to Conventional Life Style Program (CLSP) and Yoga Life Style Program (YLSP) each. Intervention: YLSP group practiced integrated approach of yoga based holistic lifestyle that included diet, Äsana, präëäyäma, Meditation, emotion culture, and intellectual techniques of Jnana yoga to manage perceived stress along with the standard treatment protocol. All subjects continued the practices at home after discharge with the help of audio-visual aid and presented as an outpatient to NH annually for a follow up. The CLSP group practiced conventional post-CABG rehabilitation advice including physiotherapy exercises. Both the groups continued the standard pharmacological protocol, diet prescription and annual consultation with their cardiac surgeon. Assessments: Tools used were Echo cardiogram, Lipid profile, Complete Haemogram, blood urea Nitrogen and psychological questionnaires including: World Health Organization Quality of Life questionnaire (WHOQoL-BREF), Perceived stress scale (PSS), Hospital Anxiety Depression Score (HADS), Positive Affect Negative Affect (PANAS). Statistical analysis was done using SPSS package. Suitable tests of normalcy and to compare means between groups were used. Ethical clearance was obtained from both the committees of S-VYASA University and Narayana Hrudayalaya Institute of Cardiac Sciences (NHICSc). Registration of the trial was done with CTRI number CTRI/2008/091/000293. Results: In this ongoing follow up study, 102 and 95 at the end of 1st year and 37 and 36 at 5th year were followed up in Yoga and control groups respectively. Within group analysis using Wilcoxon’s signed ranks test on WHOQOL-BREF showed significant improvement in the YLSP group in total score (p<0.001) and on all 4 domains namely the physical health (p<0.001), psychological health (p<0.001), social relationships (p=0.038) and environmental (p<0.001) health at the end of 1st year after CABG. There was also significant difference between groups (P<0.05) in all the domains of QOL by the end of 1st year after CABG. At the end of 5th year, there was significant improvement in physical health (p=0.046), environmental (p=0.044) health domains (p<0.001) in YLSP with non-significant change in control group. Perceived stress reduced significantly in YLSP group with significant difference between groups by the end of 5th year on PSS (perceived stress scale) (p=0.011). Positive affect improved and negative affect reduced non-significantly in YLSP after 5 years of CABG whereas both positive affect and negative affect improved significantly in CLSP (p<0.05). Conclusion: Add-on Yoga based lifestyle program to the conventional rehabilitation program helps in significant improvement in all domains of quality of life with reduction in stress levels as compared to conventional rehabilitation alone at the end of 1st and 5th year after CABG in patients with triple and double vessel coronary artery disease (CAD). Keywords: CAD, CABG, Cardiac rehabilitation, YLSP, CLSP.
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