Browsing by Author "Deepeshwar Singh"

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A COMPARISON OF ATTENTION NETWORK IN YOGA PRACTITIONERS AND NON-YOGA PRACTITIONERS: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
(SVYASA, 2018-10-13) Harsha Bora; Deepeshwar Singh
Introduction - Lifestyle behaviors like physical activity, breathing practices play an important role in preventing cognitive declination and maintaining or helps in improving cognition functions like attention, perception, etc.. Aim & Objectives - The purpose of the study was to observe the impact of Yoga practices on Attention Network in young adults. The objective of the study was to compare the attention in yoga and non-yoga practitioners in the performance of attention network test. Method & Materials - Seventy healthy male and female young adult subjects with age range 18 to 25 years were recruited in this study, among which thirty five subjects were yoga practitioners (age mean ± SD;19.98 ± 1.48)with more than one year yoga experience. The remaining thirty-five were non-yoga practitioners (mean± SD; 19 ± 0.77). The yoga participants were recruited from a Yoga University in South India, whereas the non-yoga practitioners were selected from nearby medical college who never introduced to yoga. The demographic information of all participants were obtained and each participant performed a computerized Attention Network Test. This test was run by using Inquisit 4 software. Result - Yoga practitioners shows significant lower reaction time, correct response (p < 0.05), correct center cue (p < 0.01), correct double cue (p < 0.05), correct spatial cue (p < 0.01), correct congruent (p < 0.05), correct incongruent (p < 0.05). Conclusion –Yoga practices may facilitate attention related network, inhibition and control over the visual cues as presented in the current study. Also, the response time during the task was quicker and faster. The control group participants reported delayed performance in reaction time which suggest, control group participants took longer time in the attention network performance. Key Words – Yoga, Attention, Attention Network Test (ANT), Young adults.
A COMPARISON OF COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS IN YOGA PRACTITIONERS AND NON-YOGA PRACTITIONERS: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
(SVYASA, 2018-03-14) Amit Kumar Singh; Deepeshwar Singh
BACKGROUND Ancient scripture like Hatha yoga pradeepika, Patanjali yoga sutra, and many other texts explains that practice of various yogic techniques improves cognitive functions. In this study, we have compared the cognitive function and heart rate variability in yoga practitioner and non-yoga practitioner. METHOD Fourty normal healthy male subjects with age range 18-21 years were recruited in this study, among which twenty subjects were yoga practitioner (yoga group) and remaining eighteen, were a non-yoga practitioner (control group). The computerized version (super lab) of Stroop color and word test was used to assess cognitive function of the participants. Participants were asked to perform all tasks as fast as possible without doing any mistake. For any mistake, the participants were asked not to stop the practice and keep continuing. The participants were given thirty seconds for each task. Detailed instructions for each task were given to the participants before starting the test. RESULT Reaction time was significantly less in yoga practitioner compare to non-yoga practitioner in all three tasks. Accuracy was non-significant in first two tasks but in third task yoga practitioner group has significantly more accuracy than non-yoga practitioner. 9 CONCLUSION In this study, we considered long term yoga practitioners (more than 1-year experience) and control group (who never exposed to yoga), did not show the significant result in cognitive function. But the trend of all outcome measure suggests, yoga practice helps in improvement in cognitive functions.
DIFFERENCES IN MOTOR FREE VISUAL PERCEPTION AMONG MALE YOUNG ADULTS: A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY
(SVYASA, 2018-10-09) SHASHI KANT DIXIT; Deepeshwar Singh
Introduction: Attention is an important component in cognitive function. This involves visual perception, visual discrimination and visual memory while performance a neurocognitive task. There is two important component in visual perception i.e., visual acceptance and visual cognitive. Neuroimaging studies reported that these process involves the interaction between the frontal lobe and parietal lobe in the human brain. Recent studies suggest that yoga practice may improve cognitive functioning. Although preliminary data indicate that yoga improves working memory (WM), high-resolution information about the type of WM subcontracts, namely maintenance and manipulation, is not available. Furthermore, the association between cognitive enhancement and improved mindfulness as a result of yoga practice requires empirical examination. The aim of the present study is to assess the impact of a yoga practices in male adult students on their performance in motor free visual perception test. Aim: The present study was intended to compare the performance on motor free visual perception in yoga male students and non-yoga male students. Methodology: Total Sixty healthy male studentes age range 18-28 years, Thirty yoga male (Raw score mean±SD 38.56±3.26, Standard mean±SD 140.70±12.19) and thirty non yoga male (score mean±SD 32.36±4.64, Standard mean±SD 87.80±12.86) _fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria recruited for Motor visual perception test intervention. Participants were assessed for visual perception on using motor free visual perception test. viii Data Analysis: The raw data was tabulated and statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 21.0. The data were checked for normality and independent sample t-test was employed to compare the means of both the groups. For all analysis we present 95 percent confidence intervals and considered p-value <0.05 as significant. Result: The results of the present study showed that there was a significant difference in yoga group a nd control group. The results of yoga group participants showed higher strength in performin g visual perception test which does not require motor involvement while performing visual ta sks. Conclusion: In the present study, we compared the long term effect of yoga on students yoga practitioners (more than 1 year experience) performance in motor free visual perception test with control group(who never exposed to yoga before) .The results suggests that yoga practice help to improve visual perception processing speed for correct stimuli\ task immediate attention with lowered attention time the generalizability of the study is still need further investigation using recent modern technology as such functional near infrared spectroscopy fNIRS, electroencephalography and functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI). Key words: Motor Free Visual Perception(MVPT4), Yoga, Attention,
EFFECT OF OM MEDITATION ON CARDIO-RESPIRATORY AND PSYCHOLOGICAL VARIABLES IN BOTH HEALTHY AND UNHEALTHY JAPANESE INDIVIDUALS
(SVYASA, 2018-10-13) KEN IGARASHI; H. R. Nagendra; Deepeshwar Singh
Efficacy of canons of expression and yoga on the emotion regulation among the caregivers of children with neurodevelopment disorders A randomized study
(SVYASA, 2021-01) Jayashree Ravi Hegde; M. K. Sridhar; T. M. Srinivasan; Karuna Vijayendra; Deepeshwar Singh
BACKGROUND: Emotion dysregulation is associated with the subjective burden of caregivers (CGs) of children with neurodevelopment disorders (NDDs) that lead the caregivers to high subjective burden, stress, depression, anxiety, and reduced caregivers’ appraisal, and quality of life. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: Evaluate the efficacy of holistic approach of canons of expression (CE) embedded in Indian aesthetic dance (IAD) and yoga on the psychological outcomes and electrophonic imaging among CGs of children with NDDs compared to control group. METHODS: Participants: A total of 101 CGs of children with NDDs (males= 2; and female= 99) were recruited from three Centers, age ranging from 21-65 were randomly allocated to three groups, i.e., (i) IAD group (n=33, mean age 41.71 ± 9.11 years) (ii) yoga group (n=34, mean age 41.03 ± 9.09 years), and (iii) control group (n=34, mean age 41.56 ± 9.09 years). Design: Three groups (CE, yoga and control) ; pre-mid-post assessment with randomized control trial. Assessments: The outcome assessments consisted of primary outcomes: (i) Zarit Burden Inventory (ZBI), (ii) Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21), and Secondary outcome measure (i) Revised Caregivers Appraisal Scale (RCAS), (ii) World Health Organization’s Quality of Life (WHOQOL BREF) scale were measured at baseline, 4th week and 8th week and (iii) Bio-Energy components through Electro photonic image (EPI) technique were measured for immediate effect at pre- and post sessions. Intervention: One experimental group received the intervention of canons of expression, and another group with yoga intervention scheduled for 75-min/day (3-days/week) spread across two months. In contrast, the control group was engaged in regular activities. Results: The IAD and yoga groups showed a significant reduction in scores of ZBS (P<0.001), DASS 21 (P<0.001), and improvement in the RCAS (P<0.001) and WHOQOL (BREF) (P<0.001). Even the EPI parameters showed a significant improvement concerning immediate effect (P<0.001) in intervention groups compared to control group and pre assessment. Conclusion: Two months of comprehensive IAD and yoga program is more effective than non-intervention on the psychological outcome and electrophonic imaging among the CGs of children with NDDs
IMMEDIATE EFFECT OF HIGH FREQUENCY YOGA BREATHING ON VISUAL SPATIAL MEMORY IN 10-15 YEARS SCHOOL CHILDREN
(SVYASA, 2018-10-13) JEETU GOSWAMI; Deepeshwar Singh
Background: Breathing techniques improves perception, attention and concentration. These skills are valuable for human being. Kapalbhati is one of the popular pranayama which have several benefits. Aims: To study the immediate effect of 1-minute Kapalbhati (KB) practice on cognitive functions, as measured by the corsi block tapping task(Backward) on healthy participants. Methods and Materials: Total 40 children were recruit in the present study. All were participating in a 10-day orientation of fast pranayama (Kapalbhati) training program. It was a part of personality development camp (PDC) at Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhan Samsthana (S-VYASA). These children were randomly divided into two groups (i.e., Kapalabhati group and Control group). Both groups were assessed for visual spatial memory using the corsi-block tapping task (Backward), immediately before and after practice on same day. The control group children did not practice any form of yoga before performance. Result: The immediate effect of Kapalabhati showed a significant improvement in visuo-spatial short term working memory. After one-minute practice of Kapalabhati, the participants demonstrated the processing speed was significantly improved (p<0.05) whereas no change in control group. Conclusion: The results of the present study suggest that the brief practice of breathing practice improves mental awareness and information processing speed in yoga practitioners. This outcome speculated that the practice of Kapalabhati may have a positive role in attention related network involved in spatial awareness.
IMMEDIATE EFFECT OF KAPALBHATI, BREATHE AWARENESS AND RUNNING ON EXECUTIVE FUNCTION
(SVYASA, 2021-04-09) YOGESH POKHREL; Deepeshwar Singh; Budhi Bal Rana
Prefrontal oxygenation changes associated with working memory following yoga practice in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients
(S-VYASA, 2023-12-14) Chidananda Kaligal; Deepeshwar Singh
BACKGROUND In recent years, cognitive impairments and dementia (including Alzheimer's disease) have been recognized as common complications and comorbidities of Type1 diabetes (T1DM) and Type2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It is estimated that 7% of people aged 60–64 are affected by mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and that 25% may develop cognitive impairment as they get older. It has been found that the risk of converting mild cognitive impairment to dementia is 1.53 times higher in individuals with diabetes. Diabetes-related complications, such as glucose and insulin imbalances, microvascular and macrovascular complications significantly predispose patients to the progression of MCI and dementia. Additionally, several risk factors for cognitive dysfunction in diabetes were identified, such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, depression, age, duration of diabetes, genetic factors and educational level of patients. Brain imaging studies show that T2DM is associated with both degenerative and vascular brain damage, which is likely to contribute to abnormalities in brain functional and structural connectivity leading to cognitive dysfunction. It has been found that, even at an early stage of cognitive decline, there was a clear abnormality in cerebral hemodynamics and oxygenation parameters. Working memory, a cognitive ability that enables one to actively maintain and manipulate information and forms an essential part of the human memory system, is implicated along with other cognitive functions such as attention, executive function, verbal memory and information processing speed. Besides medications, non-pharmacological approaches such as physical exercise, yoga, computer-based training, nutrition, brain stimulation, sleep, and music are gaining importance in treating cognitive deficits. Yoga has been one such non-pharmacological approach gaining popularity as a form of complementary and alternative medicine worldwide and its therapeutic benefits are being explored in various clinical conditions. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The study investigated the effect of yoga practice on oxygenation changes in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) associated with working memory in T2DM participants. The study also examined the effects of yoga practice on heart rate variability and psychological conditions (rumination x and preservative thinking). The objectives of the study were to assess the effect of 12-week yoga practice in T2DM participants on  Oxygenation in the PFC region during resting and while performing a working memory task  Working memory performance – accuracy and reaction time  Resting-state heart rate variability  Psychological conditions, namely rumination and perseverative thinking METHODS Participants: Participants were, both male and female, with ages ranging from 35 to 65 years, diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus based on established criteria including medical history, medication use, glucose levels and undergoing conventional treatment. Design: This study was a randomized controlled trial (RCT). The participants were randomized into two groups, the yoga and waitlist control groups. Assessments: The pre- (day 1), mid- (6 weeks) and post-intervention (12 weeks) assessments included measurement of PFC oxygenation while performing working memory tasks (n-back) using functional near-infrared spectroscopy. The Accuracy and Reaction time of working memory performance were assessed. Heart rate variability parameters such as mean heart rate (HR), Square Root of the Mean Squared Difference between adjacent RR intervals (RMSSD), Standard Deviation of normal-to-normal interval (SDNN), Low-frequency component (LF), High-frequency component (HF) and LF/HF ratio were assessed. The psychological conditions, namely rumination and perseverative thinking were assessed using the Rumination Response Scale (RRS) and Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire (PTQ). Intervention: Participants in the yoga group engaged in twelve weeks of yoga practice. Waitlist control group members were instructed not to engage in any form of exercise such as running, jogging, swimming, or lifting weights during the study period. The waitlist control group received yoga practice for four weeks upon completion of the trial. RESULTS Following a 12-week intervention, the yoga group showed improved performance in working memory [accuracy ( geometric mean difference of 3.15%, 95% CI [ 2.33,3.96], p = 0.001) and xi reaction time (mean difference of -100.8 milliseconds,95% CI [ -166.6, -35.1], p=0.002] in the high task load (2-back) associated with higher oxygenation in dorsolateral PFC (β coefficient mean difference of 95.6, 95% CI [0.23,191], p=0.049) and ventrolateral PFC (β coefficient mean difference of 53.4, 95% CI [7.8,98.9], p=0.018) regions. Higher oxygenation in dorsolateral PFC during the 2-back task was positively correlated with accuracy (r(23)= 0.65, p<0.001) and negatively correlated with reaction time ( r(23)= -0.47,p=0.017). The yoga group showed improved autonomic functions with a decreased mean HR, decreased LF component and increased HF component values. Decreased mean HR at post-intervention compared to pre- and mid-intervention with a mean difference of -7.0, 95% CI [-9.5, -4.4], p < 0.001 and -6.1, 95% CI [-10.1, -2.2], p = 0.002 respectively. Decreased LF value at post-intervention compared to pre- and mid-intervention with a mean difference of -10.7, 95% CI [-21.0, -0.3], p = 0.041 and -10.6, 95% CI [-20.5, -0.6], p = 0.034 respectively. Increased HF value at post intervention compared to pre- and mid-intervention with a mean difference of 10.7, 95% CI [0.23, 21.1], p = 0.043 and 11.3, 95% CI [1.1, 21.5], p = 0.03 respectively. The yoga group showed reduced rumination following the yoga intervention with a decrease in RRS score at post-intervention compared to pre-intervention, with a mean difference of -4.72, 95% CI [-8.5, -1.0], p = 0.011. The decrease in rumination scores (at post-intervention) was positively correlated with the improvement in reaction time (at post-intervention) compared to pre-intervention, r (25) = 0.65, p < 0.001. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that yoga practice may improve working memory performance associated with higher PFC oxygenation in patients with T2DM. Also, yoga may prevent the onset of a depressive condition by reducing rumination symptoms and influence positively on cognitive functions. Yoga practice may be an effective adjunct approach for enhancing cognitive functions in clinical populations.