G. SVYASA Ph. D. Theses
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Yoga Theses by Yoga PhD Students at SVYASA. These pages present some efforts at Scientific Validation of Yoga. You may receive full text of available yoga research papers
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Item EFFECT OF A YOGIC RELAXATION TECHNIQUE ON POST TRAINING FATIGUE AMONG POLICE TRAINEES: A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED STUDY(S-VYASA, 2026) SABASTIAN BAABU; VIKAS RAWAT; RAMESH M.NBACKGROUND Police officers often perform physically demanding tasks, such as chasing suspects, pushing cars, and climbing obstacles. To ensure their safety and effectiveness, new officers undergo rigorous training, facing psychological stressors, academic stress, sleep deprivation, and environmental factors. Exercise-induced fatigue (EIF) is a common issue in police trainees, resulting from prolonged endurance and excessive exercise. This condition is caused by energy depletion, harmful metabolite accumulation, oxidative stress, and inflammation. It can lead to a decrease in spontaneous activities and muscle performance, affecting the quality of life of those involved in physical work. EIF is associated with a heightened risk of overwork related illness, chronic fatigue syndrome, overtraining, hormonal irregularities, and immune impairment, all of which endanger human health. High intensity exercise can increase cortisol and testosterone levels, but if not adjusted to the body's biological capabilities, overtraining syndrome may develop. Cyclic meditation (CM) is designed as a mind body technique, combining yoga based postures and guided meditation to reduce exercise-induced fatigue. Its purpose is to cultivate a calm state of mind, aligning with the concept of meditation as effortless expansion (dhyana). Research has shown that CM reduces autonomic arousal, enhances attention, and improves sleep quality, making it potentially beneficial for combating exercise-induced fatigue. It also lowers oxygen consumption and energy expenditure, decreases stress levels, and enhances cognitive function. CM promotes relaxation and improves sleep by increasing slow wave sleep percentage. This study set out to determine the effects of practicing cyclic meditation on exercise-induced fatigue in police trainees and provide evidence based recommendations for effective fatigue management strategies. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To identify the effects of cyclic meditation (CM) on Exercise-induced fatigue (EIF) among law enforcement trainees. METHODS Participants Design The study recruited forty-eight law enforcement trainees (age 28.1 ± 4.4 y, height 1.7± 0.06 m, and mass 63.9 ± 8.5 kg) from the Kerala Police Academy (Thrissur, Kerala, India) who were randomly assigned into two equal groups. Methodology The intervention group (n=24) practiced 30 minutes of CM after morning physical training session for 30 days, while the control group (n=24) rested in supine. Testosterone, cortisol, and Testosterone-Cortisol ratio (T:C) were assessed for 20 participants in each group on days 1 and 31 after the physical training session. On days 1, 15, and 31 following the physical training, fatigue ratings, based on the Counter Movement Jump (CMJ) and Rating of Fatigue (ROF) questionnaire, were collected from all the participants. Assessments: Salivary testosterone and cortisol were analyzed using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), countermovement jump performance (height and flight time) was assessed via the My Jump application, and fatigue perception was evaluated using the Rating of Fatigue (ROF) scale. Intervention: The intervention group practiced Cyclic Meditation (CM), a type of moving meditation, which combines the practice of yoga postures with guided meditation for 30 days (6 days a week), while the control group rested in supine. Results: Results indicated that the intervention group improved significantly in CMJ height, CMJ flight time, and ROF (p < 0.05), whereas the control group showed no significant changes in these variables. In contrast, the control group exhibited significant hormonal disturbances, including decreased testosterone and T:C ratio (p < 0.05) and elevated cortisol (p < 0.05), which were not observed in the intervention group.Item EFFICACY OF THREE-MONTH YOGA INTERVENTION ON THE MANAGEMENT OF TYPE 1 DIABETES - A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL(S-VYASA, 2026) SONU MAURYA; SUCHITRA S PATIL; AMIT KUMAR SINGHBACKGROUND The chronic autoimmune disease known as type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is brought on by the death of the pancreatic β cells that produce insulin, which results in insulin insufficiency and hyperglycemia. Although it can occur at any age, children and adolescents are most likely to experience it. T1DM, which has increased over the past 25 years, affects about 10% of all diabetics globally. In 2021, 8.4 million persons worldwide were forecast to have type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM); by 2040, that number is expected to rise to 13.5–17.4 million. The 10th edition of the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) reports that the number of children and adolescents worldwide who have type 1 diabetes is on the rise. The rising prevalence of Type 1 diabetes will also lead to other comorbidities (Zaharia et al., 2022), which are associated with a socioeconomic burden in developing nations (Andersen et al., 2024), thereby increasing the demand for complementary therapies, such as yoga, which can help manage T1DM and related comorbidities. Also, this rising burden of diabetes globally as well as in India, fuelled by lifestyle factors and stress, increases the demand for therapies like yoga, which aids in the reduction of psychological burden (Nagarathna et al, 2020). T1DM patients who follow strict glycaemic control plans are more likely to experience severe hypoglycaemic episodes, which are typified by the requirement for outside help to restore glucose levels. (Gubitosi et al., 2017). In certain situations, hyperglycemia can cause tissue and organ damage over time. More severe types of diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar can also result in stupor and coma. (Alyahyawi et al, 2021). According to interesting research, yoga therapy also improves pro-inflammatory markers such as Interleukin-6 (IL-6) (Raveendran et al, 2018), C Reactive Protein (CRP) (Kinser et al, 2012), highly sensitive CRP (hs-CRP) (Saud et al, 2022), and the incretin effect through glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). These findings support the mechanism of action of yoga therapy in the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes. Clinical problems like heart disease have been reported to improve with yoga.Quintão et al, 2015 & Cui et al, 2017) hypertension (Galantino et al, 2008) Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) (Cui et al, 2017) endocrine disorders (Innes et al, 2016) depression (Jw V et al, 2002) musculoskeletal disorders (Quintão et al, 2015) etc. Studies show the therapeutic benefits of yoga for children as well (Cox et al, 1987). Numerous studies assessed the yoga benefits for the T2DM population (Abdul-Rasoul et al, 2013 & Al-Abdulrazzaq et al, 2022) but due to limited research on adolescents with T1DM, we proposed this study. According to recent research, yoga practice has a positive impact on glycated hemoglobin and the quality of life for teenagers with type 1 diabetes. There is not randomized control research available yet, though. We looked at how yoga interventions affected the quality of life and glycated hemoglobin levels in teenagers with type 1 diabetes. AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY Aim of the study: To evaluate the impact of a three-month yoga intervention on glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and quality of life in teenagers with type 1 diabetes by conducting a randomized controlled trial Objective of the study: By evaluating the effects of yoga on participants with type 1 diabetes's HbA1c, average blood glucose, quality of life, depression, and fear of hypoglycemia in the yoga intervention group and control group, the study sought to assess the benefits of yoga for these individuals. METHOD Study Design: Two steps were taken to conduct the study. Step 1. Development of a yoga module The YM was designed after a comprehensive literature review of ancient literature and modern science, targeting glycemic control and pancreas activation at functional and 41 yogic practices for type 1 diabetes. The recommended practices were then validated by 20 experts from various fields of yoga science, therapy, and research for further review and endorsement. Out of 41 practices, 32 practices were finalized using Lawshe’s formula with a CVR cut-off at 0.4, suitable for the module of teaching. Further, a feasibility test was conducted in a hospital set up by an expert, offline, for six days a week for three months. The study confirmed the feasibility of the yoga module tested through offline about regularity and ease of practice, the efficacy of the Module, and construct satisfaction, and reported no adverse events during feasibility testing. Step 2: Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) Participants: Conducted a single-blinded, two-arm, parallel-group randomized controlled trial. We recruited the participants through Ramakrishna Mission Sevashram Charitable Hospital. The screening and recruitment process, as well as the selection, were initiated in December 2021 for a one-month intervention that was scheduled to begin in January 2022 and end in March 2022. The trial was conducted on 92 patients [mean age, 13.35 SD 2.41 years] with clinical type 1 diabetes randomized to either an adjunct yoga intervention or usual care. Intervention: To acquaint them with the module, the yoga intervention group got YM offline in the hospital for three months under the guidance of a skilled yoga therapist. During the trial time, the control group was observed and instructed not to begin a yoga practice routine. Every subject was evaluated twice, namely before and after the trial. Measure: Data were collected for the primary biochemical test of type 1 diabetes [ glycated hemoglobin and Average blood glucose] along with secondary measures of daily insulin requirements, PedsQL-3.0, PedsQL-4.0, Kutcher Adolescent Depression Scale, and Fear of Hypoglycemia questionnaire. Statistical analysis: The investigation was conducted using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.0. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to determine whether continuous variables were normal. To illustrate baseline attributes, we employed descriptive statistics with a mean (standard deviation) or number (percentages). Additionally, within-group and between-group comparisons were conducted using parametric or non-parametric tests, depending on the data distribution. A paired sample t-test and Wilcoxon’s signed-rank test were used to find within-group differences for average and non-normal data, respectively. Independent sample t-test and Mann-Whitney’s test will determine the group differences. Results: Comparing the yoga intervention group to the control group after the intervention, the results show a significant improvement in both major and secondary variables, with statistical significance at P <.001. Conclusion: Among teenagers with type 1 diabetes, the three-month adjuvant yoga intervention was linked to better glycaemic control and quality of life. Keywords: Type 1 diabetes; Yoga; Glycated hemoglobin; hypoglycemiaItem Yoga for psycho-spiritual well-being of French professionals(S-VYASA, 2025-01-16) Pascal Papillon; Dr. Rajesh S. K.INTRODUCTION The mental and psychological health of French professionals is a concern, with high rates of conditions such as anxiety, depression, burnout, and stress. While yoga has been shown to have positive effects on physical, mental, and spiritual health, there is a lack of research on its effects specifically among French professionals. Due to cultural differences, it is important to investigate the potential benefits of yoga for this population and develop culturally-appropriate interventions. LITERARY REVIEW The aim of this literature review study was to evaluate the existing scientific literature on Karma Yoga, with a focus on understanding its potential benefits for promoting human excellence. The review of literature suggests that the application of Karma Yoga can be applied in a variety of settings to promote human excellence, including in the areas of business and work, transformational leadership, moral development, and spirituality. Further, literature review study found that spiritual well-being, mindfulness, emotion regulation, stress, and happiness are closely related and can be affected by various factors such as work-life balance, work demands and personal factors. The research suggests that interventions that focus on holistic well-being, including spiritual well-being, mindfulness, emotion regulation, stress, and happiness may be more effective in promoting overall well-being among professionals. AIMS The three studies aimed to provide a comprehensive examination of the relationship between spiritual health and psychological well-being, the presumption of cross-cultural similarity, and the effectiveness of a yoga-based intervention on these factors. The purpose of first study was to investigate the correlation between spiritual well-being, mindfulness, and emotion regulation among a group of young emerging French professionals. Additionally, the second study aimed to compare and contrast the mindfulness, job satisfaction, and happiness levels, as well as the significance of spirituality and religion, among Indian and French professionals. Furthermore, the third study aimed to assess the impact of yoga-based interventions on the psycho-spiritual well-being of French professionals for a period of 8 weeks, with a subsequent evaluation one month later. METHODS SUBJECTS AND DESIGN The first study used an online cross-sectional survey design to observe the relationship between spiritual health and psychological well-being among a sample of 421 participants recruited from universities in Strasbourg, France. The age range of participants in this study was 18 to 28 years with a mean age of 20.77 years (SD=2.22). The second study used a similar design to test the presumption of cross-cultural similarity among a sample of 214 IT professionals from France and India. The sample from France had a mean age of 42.36 years (SD=10.46 years) and the sample from India had a mean age of 38.25 years (SD=8.68 years).The third study used a two group pre/post-intervention design to examine the effectiveness of a yoga-based intervention on spiritual health and psychological well-being among a sample of 67 participants, with 33 in the yoga group and 34 in the control group. The mean age of the control group was 47.8 (9.5) and the mean age of the yoga group was 50.3 (7.2). ASSESSMENT TOOLS The study utilized measures to evaluate the emotional regulation, mindfulness, spiritual well being, stress, happiness, satisfaction at work and importance of spirituality/religion among professionals. The measures that were used in the study were: The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, The Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI), The Spiritual Well-being Questionnaire (SWBQ), The Perceived Stress Scale, The Subjective Fluctuating Happiness Scale, The Subjective Authentic-Durable Happiness Scale, in addition to assessments of satisfaction at work and the importance of spirituality/religion. DATA EXTRACION AND ANALYSIS All statistical analyses were performed using the statistical package JASP and R Software. Pearson correlations were used to examine the association between the variables of interest. Multiple regression was run to predict the outcome variables based on the predictor variables. The independent samples t-test was used to compare differences between groups and two-way mixed ANOVA was used to analyze the interaction effects between the independent variables. RESULTS The results of three different studies can be summarized as: The first study results indicate that there is a strong positive correlation between self-reported spiritual health and mindfulness. Additionally, the results show a significant association between spiritual health and emotional processes. Moreover, the study found that spiritual dissonance is negatively related to spiritual health and mindfulness. The findings of second study revealed that there were no significant differences in levels of mindfulness, satisfaction at work, fluctuating happiness and authentic-durable happiness between Indian and French IT professionals. Furthermore, the study found that there was a similar pattern of intercorrelations between these variables among the two groups, which could be seen as an indication of cross-cultural agreement. However, the study also found that Indian IT professionals had higher levels of importance placed on religion and spirituality when compared to French IT professionals. The results of the third study suggest that after an 8-week yoga-based training intervention, French professionals experienced a significant reduction in stress levels, an improvement in emotion regulation(reappraisal domain), an increase in mindfulness, an enhancement in spiritual well-being, and an improvement in authentic-durable happiness. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the first study suggests that various aspects of spirituality can positively impact the well-being of emerging professionals. The second study emphasizes the need to take into account cross-cultural factors when studying well-being in the workplace, particularly in terms of the significance placed on religion and spirituality. The third study presents evidence for the efficacy of yoga in enhancing psycho-spiritual well-being among French professionals, but additional research is necessary to fully understand the underlying mechanisms and to evaluate other potential methods of measuring well-being.Item Prefrontal oxygenation changes associated with working memory following yoga practice in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients(S-VYASA, 2023-12-14) Chidananda Kaligal; Deepeshwar SinghBACKGROUND In recent years, cognitive impairments and dementia (including Alzheimer's disease) have been recognized as common complications and comorbidities of Type1 diabetes (T1DM) and Type2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It is estimated that 7% of people aged 60–64 are affected by mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and that 25% may develop cognitive impairment as they get older. It has been found that the risk of converting mild cognitive impairment to dementia is 1.53 times higher in individuals with diabetes. Diabetes-related complications, such as glucose and insulin imbalances, microvascular and macrovascular complications significantly predispose patients to the progression of MCI and dementia. Additionally, several risk factors for cognitive dysfunction in diabetes were identified, such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, depression, age, duration of diabetes, genetic factors and educational level of patients. Brain imaging studies show that T2DM is associated with both degenerative and vascular brain damage, which is likely to contribute to abnormalities in brain functional and structural connectivity leading to cognitive dysfunction. It has been found that, even at an early stage of cognitive decline, there was a clear abnormality in cerebral hemodynamics and oxygenation parameters. Working memory, a cognitive ability that enables one to actively maintain and manipulate information and forms an essential part of the human memory system, is implicated along with other cognitive functions such as attention, executive function, verbal memory and information processing speed. Besides medications, non-pharmacological approaches such as physical exercise, yoga, computer-based training, nutrition, brain stimulation, sleep, and music are gaining importance in treating cognitive deficits. Yoga has been one such non-pharmacological approach gaining popularity as a form of complementary and alternative medicine worldwide and its therapeutic benefits are being explored in various clinical conditions. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The study investigated the effect of yoga practice on oxygenation changes in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) associated with working memory in T2DM participants. The study also examined the effects of yoga practice on heart rate variability and psychological conditions (rumination x and preservative thinking). The objectives of the study were to assess the effect of 12-week yoga practice in T2DM participants on Oxygenation in the PFC region during resting and while performing a working memory task Working memory performance – accuracy and reaction time Resting-state heart rate variability Psychological conditions, namely rumination and perseverative thinking METHODS Participants: Participants were, both male and female, with ages ranging from 35 to 65 years, diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus based on established criteria including medical history, medication use, glucose levels and undergoing conventional treatment. Design: This study was a randomized controlled trial (RCT). The participants were randomized into two groups, the yoga and waitlist control groups. Assessments: The pre- (day 1), mid- (6 weeks) and post-intervention (12 weeks) assessments included measurement of PFC oxygenation while performing working memory tasks (n-back) using functional near-infrared spectroscopy. The Accuracy and Reaction time of working memory performance were assessed. Heart rate variability parameters such as mean heart rate (HR), Square Root of the Mean Squared Difference between adjacent RR intervals (RMSSD), Standard Deviation of normal-to-normal interval (SDNN), Low-frequency component (LF), High-frequency component (HF) and LF/HF ratio were assessed. The psychological conditions, namely rumination and perseverative thinking were assessed using the Rumination Response Scale (RRS) and Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire (PTQ). Intervention: Participants in the yoga group engaged in twelve weeks of yoga practice. Waitlist control group members were instructed not to engage in any form of exercise such as running, jogging, swimming, or lifting weights during the study period. The waitlist control group received yoga practice for four weeks upon completion of the trial. RESULTS Following a 12-week intervention, the yoga group showed improved performance in working memory [accuracy ( geometric mean difference of 3.15%, 95% CI [ 2.33,3.96], p = 0.001) and xi reaction time (mean difference of -100.8 milliseconds,95% CI [ -166.6, -35.1], p=0.002] in the high task load (2-back) associated with higher oxygenation in dorsolateral PFC (β coefficient mean difference of 95.6, 95% CI [0.23,191], p=0.049) and ventrolateral PFC (β coefficient mean difference of 53.4, 95% CI [7.8,98.9], p=0.018) regions. Higher oxygenation in dorsolateral PFC during the 2-back task was positively correlated with accuracy (r(23)= 0.65, p<0.001) and negatively correlated with reaction time ( r(23)= -0.47,p=0.017). The yoga group showed improved autonomic functions with a decreased mean HR, decreased LF component and increased HF component values. Decreased mean HR at post-intervention compared to pre- and mid-intervention with a mean difference of -7.0, 95% CI [-9.5, -4.4], p < 0.001 and -6.1, 95% CI [-10.1, -2.2], p = 0.002 respectively. Decreased LF value at post-intervention compared to pre- and mid-intervention with a mean difference of -10.7, 95% CI [-21.0, -0.3], p = 0.041 and -10.6, 95% CI [-20.5, -0.6], p = 0.034 respectively. Increased HF value at post intervention compared to pre- and mid-intervention with a mean difference of 10.7, 95% CI [0.23, 21.1], p = 0.043 and 11.3, 95% CI [1.1, 21.5], p = 0.03 respectively. The yoga group showed reduced rumination following the yoga intervention with a decrease in RRS score at post-intervention compared to pre-intervention, with a mean difference of -4.72, 95% CI [-8.5, -1.0], p = 0.011. The decrease in rumination scores (at post-intervention) was positively correlated with the improvement in reaction time (at post-intervention) compared to pre-intervention, r (25) = 0.65, p < 0.001. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that yoga practice may improve working memory performance associated with higher PFC oxygenation in patients with T2DM. Also, yoga may prevent the onset of a depressive condition by reducing rumination symptoms and influence positively on cognitive functions. Yoga practice may be an effective adjunct approach for enhancing cognitive functions in clinical populations.Item Role of Yoga and its possible mechanism behind the psychophysiological outcomes in elderly - A Randomized control trial(SVYASA, 2023-01-07) Shree Ganesh H. R.; Subramanya Pailoor; Raghavendra RaoBACKGROUND The ageing process is a biological reality which has its own dynamic progression, usually associated with degenerative changes, loss of role and functionality and an increasing prevalence for chronic non communicable diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, arthritis, cancer, dementia, Parkinson’s etc. Lifestyle approaches such as yoga would therefore mitigate disability and prevent NCD’s. This study aims to evaluate the effects of yoga in reducing stress and improving performance in elderly. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES Aim: To evaluate the effects on possible mechanism behind the integrated yoga practice on psychophysiological outcomes in elderly population. Objectives: To evaluate the effects of yoga on perceived stress, quality of life, sleep, mood, heart rate variability, spinal flexibility, muscle strength in elderly. METHODS Participants Elderly subjects willing to undergo yoga class for three months conducted by Divine Park Trust, Saligrama, Udupi and Kundapura. Subjects will be referred from both primary care physicians and bill board flyers inviting participants to enrol in a lifestyle program to improve their health. Design The proposed study design is a parallel, prospective, waitlisted, randomized controlled trial with 1:1 allocation ratio. Patients will be randomized into intervention arm and control arm. vii Assessments: Primary Outcomes: 1. Quality of Life using older people’s quality of life questionnaire 2. Changes in Heart rate variability Secondary Outcomes 1. Spinal flexibility assessed by Sit and Reach Test 2. Calf muscle strength assessed using and Back and leg dynamometer 3. Hand Grip strength assessed using Hand grip Dynamometer 4. Self-reported depression using Geriatric Depression Scale 5. Insomnia using Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index 6. Stress level using Perceived Stress Scale 7. Constipation using Patient Assessment of Constipation Quality of Life Intervention: The Yoga intervention comprises of Physical postures, Pranayama (controlled breathing), Meditation & Relaxation & will be given under the guidance of an institutionally certified Yoga therapist. The physical postures consist of preliminary stretching exercises followed by breathing practices and asana in four categories (standing, sitting, prone, and supine). RESULTS: Yoga group showed significant reduction (expressed as significance) in all the variables of frequency domain of heart rate variability, LF, HF and LF/HF (p<0.05). All the domains of quality of life were depicted to have a significant improvement in yoga group after a 12 week intervention when compared to control group. (p=0.001). viii Also, perceived stress, depression, spinal flexibility and calf muscle strength was improved in when compared with control group in both between and within group analysis (p=0.001). All the domains of sleep quality and constipation related Quality of life, Hand grip strength and VAS scores depicted an improvement in the yoga group (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The improvement in the quality of life and autonomic function in elderly was mediated by reduction in stress and improvement in their physical and psychological well-beingItem Efficacy of yoga based lifestyle in intervention on acute phase insulin release in pre-diabetes : Randomized active control trial(SVYASA, 2023-01-04) Jintu Kurian; Ramesh M. N.BACKGROUND Pre-diabetes or impaired fasting glucose is a preliminary stage for the onset of Type 2 Diabetes with fasting glucose in the range of 100-125 mg/dl, post prandial blood glucose 140-199 mg/dl and glycated hemoglobin ranging between 5.6-6.4%. Triggers for pre diabetes are defective Glucose stimulated insulin release, insulin secretory defect and impaired incretin effect, all of which adversely affect the beta cell activity thereby hiking blood glucose beyond normal threshold. However, one of the not widely known reasons is abolished acute phase insulin release also known as first phase insulin release. Post glucose uptake, insulin is released in two phases: acute phase and sustained phase. Among individuals with normal glucose tolerance, during the acute phase, insulin level spikes to a maximum from 5 th to 10 th minute, after which the level falls back to baseline reading. This is followed by the second phase also known as sustained phase insulin release (SIR) where the increase is more gradual and lasts to 2 or in certain cases even for 3 hours. Abolished acute phase insulin release when left unaddressed results in pre-diabetes and within 1-10 years leads to the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Also, by the time individual gets detected with T2DM several of the known complications of diabetes would have set in. Previous studies have shown significant reduction in risk of pre-diabetes converting to full blown diabetes with Yoga. Also improved Vagal tone and incretin effect have been associated with improved insulin acute phase insulin secretion. This study outlines the comparative effect of yoga and physical activity on improving Acute Phase Insulin Release (AIR) in pre-diabetes. AIM AND OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to assess the impact of yoga and walking on acute phase insulin release and the mechanism of action of the interventions on pre-diabetes reversal or management THE OBJECTIVES WERE a. To examine the impact of yoga and walking on acute phase insulin release and related hormonal measures like C Peptide, GLP-1 and pro-insulin vi b. To understand the mechanism of action of Yoga on the AIR c. To know how Yoga and walking helps in reversing pre-diabetes to normal METHOD Participants A total of seventy-five (n=75) adults with pre-diabetes were identified from among interested volunteers (N=307) screened from urban part of Bangalore, India. Screening for pre-diabetics was done based on the Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG), Body mass index and Indian Diabetes Risk Scores (IDRS). Out of the total identified people with pre-diabetes (n=75), more than half of the adults (n=42) fitting into the inclusion exclusion criteria who had consented to take part were randomized and recruited into Yoga (n=20) and active control group (n=22). Design Randomized active control trail Assessments Oral glucose tolerance test was performed at baseline and post the intervention period. Variables assessed before and after the intervention are: • Serum Insulin and c-peptide (measured at 10 time points at regular intervals from 0 th minute to 90 th minute (0,3,5,7,10,15,30,45,60 and 90 th minute) post oral intake of diluted (75grams of glucose in 220ml of water) glucose). • Serum GLP-1 (at 0 th minute blood sample) • Pro-insulin (at 0 th minute blood sample) • Heart rate variability • Kidney function test, • Liver function test • Lipid profile • Psychological variables: Perceived stress scale (PSS-10), patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9) and MOS sleep quality index (MOS-SS-12). vii Intervention Standardized Integrated Approach of Yoga Therapy (IAYT) module for type 2 diabetes was administered for 1 hour a day for 5 days a week for 3 months for participants in the Yoga group (YG). Active control group (CG) were monitored for 45 minutes of moderate pace walking a day for five days (220 minutes a week) for three months. RESULTS More than half (n=13, 68%) of the subjects of Yoga group had come back to normoglycemia while a little more than one-fourth (n=5, 26%) remained as pre-diabetes and, one of the subjects (n=1, 5.3%) had turned to type 2 diabetes post the intervention period. In the Control group, only one subject (n=1, 5%) returned to normoglycemia. While less than half of the subjects could retain their glycemic status in pre-diabetes range (n=10, 45%), more than half of the subjects (n=9, 50%) turned out to be type 2 diabetes during the post interventional assessment. In addition, this study showed revival of abolished acute phase insulin release (at 10 minute), which was supported by a comparable pattern of change in the of C Peptide levels. The parameters of HRV (heart rate, RMSSD, HF, LF, LF/HF) when correlated with perceived stress, showed a significant correlation of data of both the yoga and walking group. The correlation result showed the impact of reduced stress on improved function of cardiac autonomic variables. However, the change was found to be much better in yoga group than among the individuals of control group. Also, Yoga group participants showed a significant improvement in the GLP-1, pro-insulin and proinsulin/insulin ratio providing further credence to observed improvement in insulin levels, indicating the mechanism by which the yoga worked. Further supporting evidence was also implied from improved mood and sleep quality assessments in the subjects of Yoga group. Nineteen in yoga and 20 in active control group completed the study. CONCLUSION Yoga intervention was found effective than walking in preventing or delaying the conversion of pre-diabetes to diabetes. Also, all the parameters related to insulin dynamics showed significantly favorable change along with autonomic assessments and stress levels in the Yoga group. This is the first study elucidating the mechanism of action of Yoga in preventing conversion from pre-diabetes to diabetes at the same time providing assurance viii for adopting Yoga for either remission of pre-diabetes or prevention and delaying the onset of type 2 diabetes. Keywords: Pre-diabetes; Yoga; Walking; Acute phase insulin release, Impaired fasting glucose; BMI; diabetes prevention; prevalence; Diabetes risk reduction; Prevention of diabetes Abbreviations: PDM: Pre-diabetes; T2DM: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus; BMI: Body Mass Index; I: Insulin; CP: C-peptideItem Development and psychometric validation of the music receptivity scale(SVYASA, 2022-12-22) Mahesh George; Judu IlavarasuIntroduction One of the most quoted definitions of Yoga is ‘yujyate anena iti yogaù’. Here, ‘Yuj’ in Sanskrit means ‘to Yoke’ or to unite. Here it refers to the union of the jévätmä (individual soul) with the paramätmä (the supreme soul). Music in it true sense is said to be the union of shruti and laya. The perfect union of shruti and laya renders the listeners in a meditative trance provided they submit themselves to the music. Flow experiences (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990) are quite common in music practice, performances and composition. The novel construct introduced in this study focuses on an individual’s experience listening to a given piece of music; the focus is on how he internalizes a given piece of music. ‘Flow’ experiences may occur quite often when an individual internalizes a given piece of music to a great extent. In this study, we proposed and developed a construct, Music Receptivity and further constructed a psychometric instrument called Music Receptivity Scale (MRS), field-tested it and data analysis revealed good psychometric properties. Literature review Ancient scriptures were reviewed which unraveled various aspects of music and how music could be used as a tool for personal and spiritual upliftment. Further, scientific literature review revealed multiple studies that focused on musical engagement, musical aptitude etc. Multiple psychometric instruments are available which measures the trait aspects predominantly, of music listening and engagement. Hence, we clearly saw a lacunae for state measuring instruments in music listening. However, these studies gave us rich inputs while developing the Music Receptivity Scale (MRS). Aim To develop an instrument to measure music receptivity in the context of Indian music. Objectives 1. To construct an instrument to measure music receptivity by item generation and validation. iii 2. To test and validate the instrument amongst different individuals in the context of Indian music. 3. To find out the validity of the developed instrument (in a bhajan setup) amongst yoga population. Methods Participants For phase 1 of the study, with the aim of generating items for the instrument, we approached music experts from the department of music, University of Kerala and also Sree Swathi Tirunal College of Music, Trivandrum, for in-depth unstructured interviews. Data redundancy was reached by the 7th interview. Further we approached another 7 experts from the field of music for a Focus Group Discussion, from above-mentioned two colleges. For phase 2, we approached two colleges, one was Marian Engineering College, Trivandrum and the other was Immanuel College, Vazhichal. We conducted the pilot study with 63 individuals from Marian Engineering College and field-testing of the tool with 212 individuals from the same college. Additionally we conducted field-testing with 101 individuals from Immanuel College, Vazhichal. Further, we field-tested the tool with 44 musicians from the Department of Music, University of Kerala. In order to validate the MRS among the Yoga population, we selected 72 Yoga students (male -28, female – 44) from S-VYASA Yoga University, Bengaluru. Mean age among male students were 26 and that among female students were 25. Design The research design was a mixed design, employing both qualitative and quantitative methods. Phase 1 was qualitative study and phase 2 was quantitative study employing survey method. The Music Receptivity Scale (MRS) was also validated amongst a Yoga population. Assessment tools For the qualitative phase: In-depth interview guide (Probe questions) iv Focus group discussion guide For the quantitative phase: Music Receptivity Scale (MRS) Marlowe Crowne Social Desirability Scale (SDS) d2 test of attention Interest In Music (IIM) Scale Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS-SF) Mind Wandering Scale (MWS) Data extraction and analysis Three sets of data, pilot (n=63), general population (n=313), musicians (n=44) were separately analyzed. The final sample size used to report the results is 313, which is in the ratio of 13 cases per item, more than the recommended 10 cases per item. All the analyses were done using R statistical software, version 3.4.2 (R Development Core Team, 2020) and its packages psych (Revelle, 2019). To refine the construct of music receptivity, and to get inputs for item generation, we conducted unstructured in-depth interviews and focus group discussion. Items were generated based on the inputs obtained from the in-depth interviews and the FGD. The consolidated questionnaire had 23 items designed to capture the domains of attention, interest, lyrical appraisal, emotional experience and hurdles. As the aim of this study was to evaluate the structure of music receptivity scale (MRS), we used exploratory factor analysis to determine the number and nature of underlying factors of MRS. We used parallel analysis to determine the number of factors to retain (Horn, 1965); principal axis factoring was performed to evaluate the number of underlying factors by employing oblique rotation (oblimin) as the domains were anticipated to be correlated. Maximum iterations for convergence were fixed at 1000. The analyses revealed more than one solution. v Results Data analysis yielded two solutions – a two factor solution (Affect and Attention) and a four factor solution (Emotion, interest, attention and hurdles). Validation amongst Yoga population yielded mixed results for convergent and divergent validity. Discussion We intended to develop an instrument to measure music receptivity, field test it and assess its psychometric properties and as a culmination of which, we developed a 20- item questionnaire having four domains (emotional experience, interest, attention, hurdles) and a shorter 12-item version of the same. The two-factor solution was a reduced item version, and it yielded the two most important meta-components of music receptivity, i.e., affect and attention. The affect domain included interest and emotional experience, whereas attention remained as a separate factor. We could also observe discriminant validity between musicians and non-musicians, where the musicians had significantly higher music receptivity scores compared to non musicians. Conclusion The Music Receptivity Scale was developed and it has a 20 item long form and a 12 item short form. As this tool was primarily intended for music therapy purposes, this tool needs to be field tested in music therapy settings. Further, the mode of application of this tool could be via a mobile application for the ease of use.Item Effect of yoga on children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in special school environments(SVYASA, 2022-12-22) Sindhu Shanker; Balaram PradhanBACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), the most common neurodevelopmental disorder, refers to a group of disorders distinctly characterized by core symptoms of deficits in social communication and interaction and restrictive, repetitive behaviors. Other psychological and physiological comorbidities frequently accompany this disorder. As a heterogeneous condition, ASD ranges from mild to severe across a continuum with varying degrees of impairments in functioning involving communication, cognition, language, behavior, and other health conditions. Autism severity defines the level of support needed by the children for their day-to-day functioning. This disorder is increasingly reported amongst school-age children in India, where many children with ASD attend special schools to receive support for learning basic functional and academic skills. Most of the major challenges associated with children in school environments include social skills deficits and problem behaviors. Other common physiological conditions prevalent in children with ASD are poor motor proficiency, food and digestion problems, and sleep disorders. Such challenges usually manifest in the form of various behavioral issues and chronic stress, significantly affecting learning in school environments. Yoga is recognized as a mind-body intervention that promotes physical, physiological, and psychological well-being in children with ASD and aids in the reduction of many autism-related symptoms. Yoga classes as group intervention for the children with ASD within the familiar and conductive school environment benefit all children by providing a consistent opportunity for participation to all students. Evidence-based studies suggest that yoga can be an effective alternative mind-body intervention that positively impacts various aspects of autism. 6 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The aims and objectives of the present study were to assess the effect of yoga on children with ASD across four special schools: - Autism severity - Social skills deficits - Problem behaviors - Motor proficiency - Food and digestion problems - Sleep disorders - Evaluate the feasibility of conducting a regular group yoga intervention for children with ASD in special school environments METHODS A total of 43 children with ASD from 4 special schools were randomly divided into two groups: the experimental yoga group (n=23) and the waitlist control group (n=20) based on the Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist (ATEC) scores taken as a measure of autism severity as evaluated by the parents of children with ASD. Participants Participants consisted of 43 children with ASD having a formal diagnosis of autism under the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) for assessing children under the Autism Spectrum Disorder. The participants consisted of male and female children (M: F=19:4) between the age group of 5-15 years across four special schools. 7 Design A randomized controlled open-label trial was employed for the study across four special schools to explore the effect of the yoga intervention as a daily school group program for children with ASD Assessments Autism Evaluation Checklist (ATEC) Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) Aberrant Behavior Checklist -2 (ABC-2) Bruininks- Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, Brief Form-2 (BOT-2 Brief) Food and Digestion Checklist Sleep Checklist Yoga Feedback Checklist Intervention The yoga intervention consisted of a school-based group yoga program for children with ASD conducted on all school days for 12 weeks. The yoga program consisted of twelve structured yoga modules consisting of simple yoga practices compatible with the needs and benefits of children with ASD. The structured yoga program of 45 minutes was delivered by two trained yoga teachers in each special school. 8 Results As a group intervention, yoga was feasible to be delivered in special schools for children with ASD with high participation and performance responses. The parents reported a significant decrease in the yoga group compared to the control group in autism severity (p = .001). No significant changes were found in food and digestion problems and sleep disorders. The teachers reported improvement in the social withdrawal aspect of problem behaviors in children (p = .005), with no changes in social skills deficits. Yoga was found to positively impact the motor proficiency of children with ASD (p = .007). Conclusions The study has shown that it is feasible to conduct a regular group yoga intervention for children with ASD in terms of participation and performance responses. The study has demonstrated that children with ASD have benefitted in many aspects, such as autism severity, problem behaviors, and motor proficiency, with a carefully planned intervention suited for special school environments. Thus, yoga can be integrated into special school environments for the holistic management and well-being of children with ASD.Item Psychophysiological changes associated with trataka (Yogic visual concentration)(SVYASA, 2022-11-20) Swathi P. S.; Raghavendra Bhat; Apar Avinash SaojiTräöaka (Yogic Visual Concentration) is one of the six cleansing techniques (Ñaöakarma) explained in Haöha yoga pradépikä. Träöaka means gazing continuously at a small point until tears are shed. This point of concentration activates the inner potential and can absorb the mind. Bahiranga träöaka (external concentrated gazing) is gazing at a candle flame or any other external objects, and antaranga träöaka (internal concentrated gazing) is focusing on the inner visualization of the object (Muktibodhananda, 1999). The practice of träöaka is considered an essential part of Ñaöakarma. Literature suggests that träöaka has many benefits, but there is a lack of clear understanding of the effects of träöaka scientifically. A study assessed the immediate effect of träöaka on critical flicker fusion (CFF) in thirty healthy volunteers. A significant increase in CFF immediately after träöaka sessions indicated better visual perception (Mallick & Kulkarni, 2010). In another study, the effect of träöaka on cognitive functions in the elderly population was assessed. Results showed significant improvements in cognitive functions such as Digit Span Test, Six Letter Cancellation Test, and Trail Making Test-B compared to the control group (Jagannathan et al., 2014). Another study demonstrated better performance on the Stroop colour-word test following träöaka compared to a control session. The research suggests träöaka technique increases selective attention, cognitive flexibility, and response inhibition (Raghavendra & Singh, 2016). Changes in heart rate variability and breath rate were assessed in 30 healthy vii volunteers (Raghavendra & Ramamurthy, 2014). There was a significant reduction in breath rate and an increase in the high-frequency component of HRV after the immediate practice of träöaka, indicating a trend of relaxation and parasympathetic activity. The above mentioned study looked at only frequency domain components of HRV, hence, in this study, we have investigated the time domain, nonlinear components, and association with the psychological task. Thus, the current study was proposed to understand the effects of träöaka on pre, during, and post-intervention. AIM AND OBJECTIVES: The present study was proposed to understand the psychophysiological changes associated with träöaka in healthy volunteers. The objectives of the study were to investigate the effects of träöaka and eye exercise on i) Autonomic functions viz. Heart rate variability, Heart rate, Respiratory rate, Skin Conductance, and Simple Visual Reaction Time task (SVRT), ii) Psychological well-being and visual strain, iii) Visuospatial short-term working memory through Corsi block tapping task (CBTT). METHODS Participants: For the Autonomic function and SVRT task, a total of thirty volunteers, for Visual strain and psychological well-being, a total of one hundred and six volunteers, and for CBTT, a total no of forty-one volunteers of both genders with ages ranging from 18 to 30 years participated in the study. They were students of a Yoga University in South India. They had the minimum experience of Yoga practice for six months. Design viii We adapted the self as control trial to assess the autonomic changes and visual reaction time, wherein each participant was assessed twice during experimental and control sessions. The assessments for Autonomic changes were done for the duration of 5 min before, 20 min for during the session, and immediately after the practice of träöaka or control session. For Simple Visual reaction time, the assessments were done for the duration of 5 min before and immediately after the practice of träöaka or control sessions. For the assessment of the performance of Corsi block tapping task, a repeated measures design was adapted. Each participant was assessed thrice, at baseline, following the practice of träöaka and control sessions. We adopted a randomized controlled trial to assess visual strain and psychological well-being, and questionnaires were administered at baseline and at the end of two weeks. Assessments: i. Electrocardiogram (ECG) and respiration were recorded using a 16-channel human physiology system (Power lab 16/35. A.D. Instruments, Australia) ii. Visual Fatigue Scale (VFS), Visual symptoms checklist (VSC), Mind-wandering questionnaire (MWQ), and State mindfulness attention awareness scale (SMAAS) were administered. iii. SVRT task and CBTT were presented using the Inquisit Millisecond software package 4.0 (Millisecond Software, LLC, Seattle, USA) Intervention: The träöaka module consists of 2 distinct stages, which were administered for 20 min. As a preparatory stage of träöaka, eye exercises were performed. The eye exercises were done with eyes open in a well-lit room. The second stage was the practice of träöaka itself. The ix participants were asked to fix their gaze on the candle's flame for about 2 to 3 minutes without blinking their eyes. This process was repeated for three rounds (simple focusing, intense & deep focusing for 5 min each), and practice was ended in silence with the prayer. The second stage consisted of about 15 minutes. During the control session, subjects practiced only eye exercises for 10 minutes, and for the next 10 minutes, they sat quietly with their eyes closed without doing any concentration or meditation exercise. RESULTS: i. Autonomic Functions & Simple visual reaction time task: Enhanced heart rate variability was observed during and following träöaka, indicative of possible parasympathetic activity in the autonomic activity. There was also a reduction noted in Respiratory rate, Skin Conductance, and SVRT task. ii. Visual Strain & Psychological well-being: There was a significant reduction in VFS and VSC scores, MWQ, along with an increase in SMAAS scores in the träöaka group after two weeks of intervention. iii. Performance in Corsi Block Tapping Task: The results demonstrate an enhanced working memory, spatial memory, and spatial attention following the practice of Träöaka in the Cosri Block Tapping Task. CONCLUSION: The practice of träöaka was found to reduce visual strain and mind wandering while improving state mindfulness. The träöaka (yogic visual concentration) leads to increased vagal tone and reduced sympathetic arousal along with reduction observed in SVRT Task. x Also, träöaka enhanced working and spatial memory in the CBTT. The results indicate the practice of träöaka to be safe in healthy volunteers. NEED OF THE STUDY: There is a paucity of scientific studies about the effects of träöakaon autonomic and cognitive functions and visual strain and psychological functions. All these domains could be potentially influenced positively through the practice of träöaka. Thus, we undertook studies to evaluate the effect of träöaka to understand autonomic changes during the träöaka and on Visual Reaction Time; performance in CBTT (for working and spatial memory) and to evaluate the effect of träöaka on the visual strain and promoting psychological well-being.Item Effect of yoga based lifestyle modification in pre-diabetes(SVYASA, 2022-05-13) AMIT SANTOSH MISHRA; Padmini Tekur; Hongasandra R. Nagendravi ABSTRACT BACKGROUND T2DM, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder with significant morbidity, mortality, and healthcare spending. Prediabetes is a pre-stage risk factor for the development of T2DM. yoga is a mind-body medicine shown to have several health benefits. There is a lack of evidence for the efficacy of yoga in improving Prediabetes and reducing diabetes incidence. Hence the effect of yoga base Lifestyle (YBL) in prediabetes study is imperative. Stress plays an essential role in the manifestation of several chronic conditions such as Diabetes. Stress-related factors such as stressful workplace or traumatic life events and mental health problems underlie the development of Diabetes. In the present study, we study the association between stress and "prediabetes," the precursor and preventable stage of Diabetes, which needs attention. yoga is an ancient skill set that could aid in attaining optimal physical and mental health and aid in the prevention and combating of several lifestyle disorders and diseases. The study was to understand the perception of people in all zones of India about yoga (not only Äasana or Präëayam) and knowledge-practice of yoga We hypothesized stress as one of the reasons for the progression of people with Prediabetes into T2DM. The present study report on associations between perceived stress and blood glucose markers stratified by T2DM status. The nationwide survey was to understand the benefits and barriers encountered by the community members to accept yoga into the workplace and routine practice. Even though vii yoga helps prevent obesity, Diabetes, and hypertension, not practiced universally. This study explores motivators and barriers to practice by estimating how these elements can help develop and incorporate yoga as a workplace activity and profession. AIMS & OBJECTIVES Aims ▪ To study the effect of yoga-based Lifestyle Modification in Prediabetes. ▪ To study the effect of yoga-based Lifestyle Modification of stress on prediabetes, Diabetes ▪ To reduce and control the growing curve of Diabetes in India Objective ▪ Trial to test the potency of yoga-based lifestyle intervention on prediabetes risk reduction in a large community setting. METHODS A national-level survey was part of a study conducted in rural and urban areas in all zones of India, screening 2,40,000 population in 60 districts selected randomly in all states. Participants (age 20-70 years) were individuals with prediabetes A1C (range, 5.7–6.4%) and Indian Diabetes Risk Score (IDRS) ≥ 60. The intervention included practicing yoga-based lifestyle modification protocol (YBL) for nine consecutive days, followed by daily home and weekly supervised practices for three months. Standard care advice was for the control cluster for diabetes prevention. Participants The study's first phase included a survey across all the identified regions (Urban and rural). The participants with consent are recruit to the study. This phase included 1,62,330 participants to recruit for the NMB program with a three-page item questionnaire. viii Design In this nationwide sampling survey, Phase one was to estimate the Prevalence of Diabetes and Prediabetes. Phase two was to assess the efficacy of the structured intervention to prevent the progression of Prediabetes to Diabetes. Assessment 1. Demography (Semi-structured schedule), 2. Anthropometrics 3. Biochemical Blood Test. Intervention yoga group: The intervention group received the specially prepared standardized yoga based lifestyle change protocol and standard T2DM management education for three months. YVDM (yoga Volunteer Trained for T2DM Protocol) trained participants for a 9-day camp (2 h daily) activity. Followed by daily (individual or group) practice using DVDs and included 2-h weekly YVDM-supervised follow-up classes. Standard care advice was for the control cluster for diabetes prevention. Sample size calculated 5320 in Intervention and Control Group. Total 10,640 for two groups. RESULTS In the YBL Group, the conversion rate from Prediabetes to normoglycemia (52.80% in intervention vs. 37.80% in the control group, P = 0.005) over three months. The conversion to normoglycemia after YBL was significantly better in the younger age group (≤4 0 years) than those above 40yrs, with OR=2.20 (95% CI 1.57-3.08) and OR=1.02 (95% CI 0.82- 1.26), respectively). In the study, conversion to normoglycemia was found to be equally effective in both genders. ix Significant reduction in FBS 12.33%, PPBS14.08%, Triglyceride>200 35% reduction, HDL<45 19.46% increase, stress 7.3% reduction. The association between perceived stress scores (PSS) was tested in a large-scale population of 16,368 individuals with Prediabetes and T2DM, aged 47.8 ± 12.5 years. Individuals were recruited from different geographical zones of India under the National Multicentric Diabetes Control Program. Results reported that individuals with Prediabetes had higher perceived stress and depression, may indicate the relevant role of stress underlying the progression towards Diabetes. Interestingly, people with Prediabetes had significantly higher depression scores (patient health questionnaire-9 scores) 6.9 vs. 6.1 than people with T2DM. This draws to the relevance of stress management approaches, including mind-body interventions and yoga, may affect the progression of T2DM.Respondent’s survey revealed that 11.8% practice yoga, the north zone has the highest [4,567/112,735], and the east zone has the lowest [971/112,735]. Out of 101,643 respondents, 94,135 believed that yoga improved their lifestyle (92.6%), and 90,102/98,518(91.4%) believed that yoga prevented T2DM, revealing an immense knowledge–practice gap. General acceptability with knowledge–practice yoga gap has a scope of integration with modern medicine to change conventional healthcare. A standard validated questionnaire perceived stress scale (PSS-10) was used in individuals with Prediabetes (n=649) and T2DM (n=485) and then segregated them into three categories (minimum, moderate, and severe stress levels). Blood glucose markers (Fasting Blood Glucose - FBS, Postprandial Blood Glucose- PPBS, and Glycolate Hemoglobin- HbA1c) were evaluated to report their association with the PSS-10. The study revealed a significantly higher HbA1c level in people with Prediabetes, who had higher perceived stress than other categories. T2DM who had high FBS levels had severe perceived stress. x In the yoga intervention group in the nationwide multi-centered prospective randomized control study, questionnaires for barriers and benefits of yoga practice were asked. Most Participants perceived yoga as a tool to improve physical fitness, relax mind and body, and enhance stamina in all age groups. Barriers reported were urban /rural Lifestyle, Family commitments, Physical exertion. Other reasons across the country came as No Encouragement of family, Occupational commitments, and few places to do yoga. Conclusion The substantial influence of the yoga-based lifestyle intervention was observed against Prediabetes risk reduction on Indian Population. This change was significantly better in the younger age group of less than 40 years. Prediabetes had higher perceived stress and depression, this draws to the relevance of stress management approaches, including mind body interventions and yoga, which may affect the progression of T2DM with integration with modern medicine to change conventional healthcare. People believe in yoga in India, but People Practicing yoga is far less. The reason for barrier in urban and rural yoga Practice is urban /rural Lifestyle, Family commitments, Occupational Commitments, few Place to practice yoga. Tackling barriers and improving yoga based Lifestyle participation would be an effective strategy to combat the epidemic of diabetes from both preventative and treatment perspectives. Keywords: Type 2 Diabetes mellitus T2DM, Prediabetes, yoga, Stress, Depression, yoga based Lifestyle.