G. SVYASA Ph. D. Theses
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Yoga Theses by Yoga PhD Students at SVYASA. These pages present some efforts at Scientific Validation of Yoga. You may receive full text of available yoga research papers
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Item Neurocognitve and Psychophysiological changes associated with Kumbhaka - Yogic breath holding(S-VYASA, 2018) Apar Avinash, Saoji; Sharma, N.K. Manjunath; Bhat, RaghavendraPräëäyäma is the 4th limb, among the practices of añöängayoga. It has been described in the as cessation of breathing, in the aphorisms of the sage Patanjali (Saraswati, 2011). The practice of präëäyäma involves modulation of breath and includes three phases viz., püraka (inhalation), recaka (exhalation) and kumbhaka (holding of breath) (Nagendra, 2007). The practice of Breath Holding (Kumbhaka) is considered as an essential part of the practice of präëäyäma. Although the effects of the practice of different präëäyäma techniques have been studied, there is lack of clear understanding about the effects of kumbhaka. The traditional texts of yoga emphasize on the practice of intermittent breath holding, however, such practice has sought very limited scientific attention. The proposed multiple health benefits of intermittent yogic breath holding include an increase in hemoglobin by increasing erythropoietin, increase in vascular endothelial growth factor leading to the formation of collaterals, reduction in blood pressure and resistance to cellular damage and thereby delayed ageing (Malshe, 2011). A study demonstrated reduced pulse rate and increased galvanic skin resistance, following alternate nostril breathing (ANB) with intermittent breath holding (Turankar et al., 2013). Another study demonstrated an increase in oxygen consumption while performing Ujjayi Pranayama with breath holding for a short duration. In contrast, lowered oxygen consumption was observed with prolonged breath holding (Telles & Desiraju, 1991). Since the practice of ANB and Ujjayi Pranayama are found to influence the human physiology even without the practice of breath holding (Bhavanani, Ramanathan, Balaji, & Pushpa, 2014; Lee & Ghiya, 2012; Mason et al., 2013), the effects of intermittent breath holding remain unclear. AIM AND OBJECTIVES The present study is proposed to understand the immediate changes in the neurocognitive abilities and cardiac autonomic regulation following yogic breath holding (YBH) in healthy volunteers. The objectives of the study were to investigate the effects following the practice of YBH on i) cardiovascular responses, ii) baroreceptor sensitivity, iii) heart rate variability and iv) performance in Stop Signal Task. METHODS Participants A total of seventy-six volunteers of both genders with their ages ranging from 18 to 30 years participated in the study. They were students of a Yoga University from South India. They had a minimum experience of practice of yoga of 6 months. Design For assessing the cardiovascular and autonomic changes, we adapted self as control design, wherein, each participant was assessed twice, during the experimental and control session. The assessments were done for the duration of 5 min before and immediately after the practice of YBH or control sessions. For the assessment of performance in Stop Signal Task, repeated measures design was adapted. Each participant was assessed thrice; at baseline, following the practice of YBH and control sessions.Item Effect of yogic practices and physical fitness training on performance of college football players(S-VYASA, 2018-12) Kadagadakai, Poornabodha V.; Balaram PradhanBackground: The fitness level increases, if an individual take part regularly in the physical fitness activities. Poor physical fitness and inactive living habits will lead to a negative impact of both health and daily living. The regular practice of yoga shall improve one’s health and also keep fit to participate in high level of competitions. The measurement of skillfulness is hardly ever built-in when the fitness of players is monitored. There are very few studies on skill performance within the research literature, which seems remarkable when it is readily acknowledged that the successful execution of skill is the most important aspect of football play. Aim: The aim of the study was to assess the outcome of yogic practices and physical fitness training on health related physical fitness components and skills of football players. Methods: Eighty two male college football players divided randomly in to treatment (n=41) and control group (n=41) with the age range from 18-24 years. Each player underwent the following series of physical fitness as well as football skill tests: Muscular Strength, Muscular Endurance, Cardiovascular Endurance, Body Mass Index and Flexibility followed by skill test Dribbling, Lofted pass, Shooting and juggling before and after intervention. The treatment group underwent 4 months yoga and physical fitness training program in a schedule of 60 min. per day, six days per week (yoga and physical fitness training is given in alternate day) where as the control group underwent day to day activities. Results: Physical Fitness Test: The results shows significant pre-post improvements were seen in the treatment group in the variables of fitness components Muscular Strength (MS) (p< 0.001), Sit up (p< 0.001), Physical Efficiency Index (PEI) (p<0.001), Body Mass Index (BMI) (p= 0.041), Sit and Reach (SR) (p< 0.001). The Control group showed within group improvement only in Sit and Reach (p=0.042) significant. Bobby Charlton Soccer skill tests: The findings shows significant pre-post improvements were seen in the skill variables of Dribbling (DR) (p< 0.001), Lofted Pass (LP) (p = 0.001), Shooting (S) (p< 0.001) and Juggling (J) (p< 0.001) where as control group showed within group improvement in Dribbling (p= 0.040), LP (p = 0.004) Shooting (p< 0.001) and Juggling (p = 0.028) significant. Treatment group were having significant enhancement as compare to control group. Conclusion: The overall results suggested that the four months yoga program along with physical fitness training was found useful for the college football players in improving health related physical fitness and skill level. This is also useful in enhancing the overall performance of footballers.Item Evaluation of yoga pranayama and vedic maths methods in the management of math anxiety and cognitive skills in school children(S-VYASA, 2019) Shastri, Vasant V.; Patra, Sanjib Kumar; Hankey, AlexBackground: Removing math phobia and stress is a challenge for teachers and educators anywhere across the globe. Many students develop stress and Math Anxiety early in life due to inefficient learning environments. Breathing patterns of growing students change under high stress and test anxiety and they become inactive during teaching and learning process. Disturbed working memory, cognitive skills and Math Anxiety affect math performance. Students develop emotional imbalances and aggression. Such imbalances may magnify during their higher education causing serious damage to their personality in general and career in particular. In such scenario any alternative strategies to reduce Math Anxiety and aggression, to improve cognitive skills and mindfulness play major roles in building a healthy personality and also in deciding a student’s career by influencing their subject results. ‘Vedic Mathematics’ by the late Çaìkaräcärya of Puré uses patterns in school mathematics, which benefit teaching, empower students with the feeling “I can”, and reducing Math Anxiety. Präëäyäma may assist emotion regulation, managing anxiety and working memory, directly benefitting cognitive faculties. Establishing the efficacy of Präëäyäma and Vedic Maths methods is the need of the present competitive education system. Aims and Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of Vedic Maths and Yogä Präëäyäma in the management of Math Anxiety and development of cognitive skills in school children, further assessing results in terms of average exam marks, % of passes, 100% etc. To measure the changes in Math Anxiety, cognitive flexibility, mindfulness, aggressiveness, emotion regulation, and working memory of students after the Vedic Maths and Präëäyäma practices. To report the changes in student’s Board Examination results conducted and evaluated by Pre University Board, after giving training in Vedic Maths and Präëäyäma. Methods Study 1: (Pilot Study) Participants: 40 Resident students of 8th, 9th and 10th at Sri Sai Angels School Chikkamagaluru. Design: 3 group pre-post design. Students were randomly assigned to 3 groups: Yogä Präëäyäma (13), Vedic Maths (14) and Jogging (13). Variables were assessed before and after the seven days workshops. Assessments: Math Anxiety (MARS-R Math Anxiety Rating Scale Revised), Working Memory (Digit Span), Self-defeating and self-enhancing cognitions associated with performance and anxiety when faced by a test (CCAQ - Children’s Cognitive Assessment Questionnaire), Cognitive flexibility, Creativity, and reaction to cognitive stress (STROOP) Studies 2 & 3: Student participants were randomly assigned to three groups, Yogä Präëäyäma, Vedic Maths and Controls. Study 2 used Präëäyäma and Vedic Maths workshops for 15 days; Study 3 used three different classes randomly assigned to three groups. Two workshops went for 15 days. Data were collected pre and post intervention. Math Anxiety, Working Memory, CCAQ, STROOP, Mindfulness, Aggression, Emotional Regulation and Reaction time were assessed. Final exam results analysis: Performance on PU Board final exams Mathematics results of two batches were analyzed in detail and compared to those in physics and chemistry. Intervention: The Yogä Präëäyäma group practiced Kapälabhäti, Sectional Breathing, Bhastrikä, Sürya Anuloma, Candra Viloma, Näòé Çuddhi and Bhrämaré over a 30 minutes time period, allowing 5 minutes time for each. After each allotted 5 minute time period, the group was instructed to start performing the next technique. Each workshop ended with Bhrämaré Präëäyäma. Participants of Vedic Maths group solved problems for 30 minutes each day after learning different Vedic Maths techniques using Sütras ‘vertically and crosswise’, ‘transpose and apply’, ‘addition and subtraction’ etc. Vedic Maths group learned skills in Speed Multiplication, Squaring and Cubing Numbers, Multiplication of Algebraic Expressions, Solving Unique Algebraic Equations, Solving Simultaneous Equations, Solving Quadratic Equations, HCF of Equations, Partial Fractions, Problems from Differential and Integral Calculus, Conics, Straight Lines, Determinants, and Binomial Expressions. Subjects in Study 1 Control Group went for jogging during pilot study. Subjects in Control Groups in Studies 2 and 3 attended their regular conventional maths classes.Results Overall findings were that reduction in Math Anxiety was highest in the Vedic Maths groups while improvement in cognitive skills was highest in Yogä Präëäyäma groups. Yogä Präëäyäma practices stimulate thinking patterns improving cognitive skills, and mental processes increasing competitive success. Vedic Maths improves pattern finding skills; they may therefore stimulate mirror neurons and endorphin release. The joy element brought by this could be the reason for reduction in Math Anxiety. More research is needed to determine relative effectiveness of Yogä Präëäyäma and Vedic Maths methods. Conclusions Yogä Präëäyäma methods are effective in enhancing cognitive skills in school students. Vedic Maths methods used along with conventional mathematics teaching is effective in reducing Math Anxiety and improving cognitive flexibility.Item IMPACT OF SELECTED PRANAYAMA TECHNIQUES AND A YOGIC KRIYA ON CEREBROVASCULAR HEMODYNAMICS AND CARDIOVASCULAR FUNCTIONS IN HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS(S-VYASA, 2017-10) NIVETHITHA, L.; Manjunath, N. K.; Bathala, LokeshYoga is the science of holistic living and can be incorporated in daily life. Pranayama (Voluntarily regulated breathing) is one of the important component of Yoga which bridges the most grosser (physical) and subtle techniques (mental). Different types of Pranayama produce selective physiological responsessuch as practice of slow Pranayama reported to produce reduction in heart rate, rate pressure product and double product, whereas rapid/fast Pranayama reported to increase it.To the best of our knowledge there is no known previous study evaluating the impact of different Pranayama techniques as well as the most commonly practiced high frequency breathing based yogic kriya i.e. Kapalbhati on cerebrovascular hemodynamics and cardiovascular functions in healthy volunteers. Aim and objectives: To evaluate the effect of different Pranayama techniques and a yogic kriya on cerebrovascular hemodynamics and cardiovascular functions in healthy volunteers Materials and Methods: Phase 1: Fifteen yoga practitioners with the mean age (standard deviation) 23.62 (3.57) were recruited. An equal number of age and gender matched individuals with the mean age (standard deviation) 22.69 (4.05) with no exposure to yoga were recruited as matched controls. Assessments such as cerebrovascular hemodynamics and cardiovascular functions were assessed for both Yoga and non yoga groups at one point of time without any intervention.