G. SVYASA Ph. D. Theses
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Yoga Theses by Yoga PhD Students at SVYASA. These pages present some efforts at Scientific Validation of Yoga. You may receive full text of available yoga research papers
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Item A study on impact of yoga in improvement of Physical, Psychological, and Social fitness among adolescents(S-VYASA, 2019-11-02) Choukse, AsthaDiscovering and promoting ways to improve adolescents’ overall fitness has been a recurrent concern and challenge in the field of health and psychology. Adolescence, as a period of transition, is highly prone to health risks and unhealthy behavior patterns. Decrease in physical activity, improper food habits, and sedentary lifestyle in adolescents are very prevalent today. These factors can constitute risks to physical, mental, and social health. Adolescence is the right time to promote healthy practices to prevent problems of health and behavior in adulthood. Even though, fitness during adolescence is considered essential, there is a dearth for effective programs that promote overall fitness in adolescents. Available programs lack in holisticity or integrative approach as they focus on either of the fitness domains such as physical, psychological, or social domains. Indian classical texts provide immense conceptual resources and guidelines on different aspects of life. Texts like Bhagavad-Gita, Taittiriya Upanishad, Patanjali Yoga Sutras explain various components of fitness and techniques that promote fitness at different domains. Integrative approach Yoga is considered an important intervention that provides the right dose of activities to promote health and wellbeing at all five koshas. Research studies indicate that although yoga is being implemented in schools, little is done on studying its effect on overall fitness of adolescents. While yoga in schools is a popular program, residential yoga camps for adolescents are less heard. Further, research studies on the effect of short-term residential yoga program has not been cited. There is also a need to develop effective holistic yoga program that can be replicated in different adolescent populations and different setting other than school as well. AIMS & OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study is to evaluate the efficacy of a seven-day residential, integrated, holistic yoga intervention on certain physical, psychological, and social fitness parameters in adolescents. The primary objective of the study is to examine the effect of yoga on a. Physical fitness, such as strength, speed, flexibility, and coordination b. Psychological, fitness such as Emotional Intelligence, anger, and self-concept c. Social fitness, such as empathy, social competence, altruism, and relationships The secondary objectives are a) To develop an integrated yoga module for overall fitness among adolescents b) To understand the difference in the effects of yoga across genders and age groups. c) To explore the relationships between the changes across physical, psychological and social domains. d) To assess if parents’ observations coincided with that of their children. MATERIALS & METHODS A pre-post yoga interventional study was carried out in three independent cohorts (batches 1, 2 and 3) with sample size of 148 (57.8% male), 167 (73.1% male), and 195 (62.1% male), respectively. The participants of the study included healthy adolescent children (both girls and boys) aged between 9 and 16 years, studying in English-medium schools. The samples were drawn from the children who registered for the seven-day residential yoga camp. Ethical approval and consent from parents and participants were obtained. A seven-day integrated yoga intervention was conducted in a residential setting. The intervention included Asana, Pranayama, Relaxation, Meditation, and also Jnana yoga (Yama- Niyama concepts) and Bhakti yoga. The intervention was spread over from morning 5.00 am till night 9.30 pm with intermittent breaks and free time. Food and lifestyle remained same for all the participants during the program. Physical fitness tasks such as body mass index (BMI), plate-taping test (PLT), sit and reach (SAR), standing broad jump (SBJ), sit-ups (SUP), and 10x5m shuttle run (10x5mR) were assessed using Eurofit battery. Psychological assessments included emotional intelligence, emotional regulation strategies, clinical anger, and self-concept. Social assessments included social competence, empathy, altruism, parent relationship, and peer friendship. Authorized scales and software were used for assessments and relevant analyses were carried out. Data was collected from the participants and their parents using respective versions of the scales for psychosocial assessments.Item EFFECT OF INTEGRATED YOGA IN NURSING PROFESSIONALS WITH CHRONIC LOW BACK PAIN – A RANDOMIZED CONTROL TRIAL(S-VYASA, 2018-11) PATIL, NEETINAKUMAR; Tekur, Padmini; Nagendra, H. R.; Monohar, P.V.Background: Chronic Low back pain (CLBP) adversely affects health-related quality of life in nursing professionals. Yoga has positive impact on LBP. Studies assessing the effects of Yoga on CLBP in nursing population are lacking. Aim: Present study is conducted to evaluate and compare the effect of integrated Yoga and physical exercises on pain, disability, psychological parameters and quality of life in nurses with CLBP. Methods: It is a prospective randomized control trail.88 female nursing professionals of age 33.77±3.44 years from a tertiary care hospital of South India were randomized in to yoga group (YG) (n=44; 31.45 ± 3.47 years) and control [exercise] group (CG) (n=44; 32.75 ± 3.71). YG was intervened with Integrated Yoga Therapy Module (IYTM) practices, one hour per day, five days week for six weeks. CG practiced a set of physical exercises for the same duration. All subjects were assessed using Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) for pain, Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ) for functional disability, Fear Avoidance Belief Questionnaire- physical (FABQpa), Fear Avoidance Belief Questionnaire - work (FABQw), State and Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI), and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Heart Rate Variability (HRV) [low frequency (LF), high frequency (HF), LF/HF ratio] and WHO quality of life questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF) at baseline and end of six week intervention. Data were analyzed by paired samples t test and independent samples t test for within group and between group comparisons respectively by using SPSS version 22. Results: After six weeks of Yoga intervention, we found a significant decrease in NRS (p<0.001), RMDQ (p<0.001), FABQpa (p<0.001), FABQw (p<0.001), State Anxiety (p<0.001), Trait Anxiety (p<0.001), BDI (p<0.001), and PSS (p<0.001), LF/ HF ratio (p<0.001), WHOQOL-BREF [Physical (p<0.001), Psychological(p<0.001), Social(p<0.001)] but did not differ statistically for HF (p=0.24) and LF (p=0.103), environmental-QoL (p=0.078) variables compared to baseline in YG. After six weeks of physical exercise intervention, there was a significant decrease in NRS (p<0.001), RMDQ (p<0.001), FABQpa (p<0.001), FABQw (p<0.001), State Anxiety (p=0.031), BDI (p<0.001), and PSS (p<0.001), WHOQOL-BREF [Physical (p<0.001), Psychological(p<0.001), Social(p<0.001)] but did not differ statistically for Trait Anxiety (p=0.29), LF (p=0.513), HF (p=0.555) and LF/HF ratio (p=0.615), environmental- QoL (p=0.0957) variables compared to baseline in CG. On comparison between groups, YG showed a significant decrease in NRS (p<0.001), RMDQ (p<0.001), FABQpa (p<0.001), FABQw (p<0.001), State Anxiety (p<0.001), Trait Anxiety (p=0.025), BDI (p<0.001), and PSS (p<0.001), LF (p=0.01), LF/ HF ratio (p<0.001), WHOQOL-BREF [Physical (p<0.001), Psychological(p<0.001), Social(p<0.001)] but did not differ statistically for in HF (p=0.32) and environmental-QoL (p=0.25) variables compared to control group for post assessment. Conclusions: Integrated Yoga intervention was found to be more beneficial in improving pain, disability, anxiety, stress, fear avoidance, heart rate variability and quality of life among nursing professionals with chronic low back pain. There was a negative correlation between psychological parameters and quality of life at baseline.Item Optimal and efficient regulation through yoga : A gene expression study(S-VYASA, 2018) Ragavendrasamy, B.; Manjunath, N. K.; Ramesh, M. N.Antarctica, has been of interest to humans to understand multiple facets of earth, evolution and changes happening in the environment. Humans travelling periodically to Antarctica undergo stress due to capsule environment and environmental conditions. Stay in Antarctica is understood to affect cognition, behavior, emotions and increase shedding of latent virus. Yoga, an ancient Indian system and way of life has been proven to alleviate stress, promote psycho-social wellbeing, regulate the autonomic nervous system, immunity, endocrine system and also improves cognitive outcomes. Despite several studies proving Yoga to be an effective intervention, the mechanism of action of Yoga practices are least understood. This gene expression study was designed with an objective to understand the role of yoga practices in facilitating human adaptation in extreme environmental conditions. Methods: Twenty-five Members of age 35±7.8 years, screened negative for pre-existing psychological and pathological conditions and declared clinically healthy for the 35th Indian Scientific expedition to Antarctica were recruited for the study following obtaining written informed consent. A yoga module was designed and validated for administration during sea voyage and at Antarctica. The intervention was administered for one hour daily for 87 days consisting of sea voyage and stay at Antarctica . Psychological assessments for sleep quality and perseverative cognition were performed at the start and on completion of the expedition. Blood samples were collected at four timepoints: baseline, on reaching Antarctica, while departing from Bharati and before departing from Antarctica. Single color Gene expression studies were conducted on blood samples collected at baseline, on reaching Antarctica and before departing from Antarctica. As the baseline serum samples were not available, Biochemistry tests and chemiluminescence assays were performed on other three timepoints. Results: A significant improvement in daytime dysfunction [F(1,16) =5.214, p=0.04] and perseverative cognition [F(1,16) = 28.121, p≤0.001] were observed in Yoga group. Whereas, control group subjects showed a contrasting change. A pattern of constant increase in lipid profile was noted in both the groups but yoga group had associated overexpressed cardio-protective genes. Less number of genes were consistently differentially regulated in the yoga group suggesting better efficiency. A distinct pattern facilitating delaying cell cycle, promoting fatty acid biosynthesis, DNA repair, maintenance of DNA fidelity and better cellular stress response was seen in yoga group. Whereas, diverse gene expressions involving apoptosis, cell replication, promotion of oxidative stress, inflammation, and DNA repair were observed in the control group. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it appears that Yoga practices would be helpful in extreme environmental conditions and work uniquely on every individual based on their inherent nature and facilitate efficient and optimal adaptation. Based on our findings, we also propose a model of ‘Intelligent Consciousness’ which facilitates the congruence between the body and mind enabling the system to be optimal and efficient.Item Neurocognitve and Psychophysiological changes associated with Kumbhaka - Yogic breath holding(S-VYASA, 2018) Apar Avinash, Saoji; Sharma, N.K. Manjunath; Bhat, RaghavendraPräëäyäma is the 4th limb, among the practices of añöängayoga. It has been described in the as cessation of breathing, in the aphorisms of the sage Patanjali (Saraswati, 2011). The practice of präëäyäma involves modulation of breath and includes three phases viz., püraka (inhalation), recaka (exhalation) and kumbhaka (holding of breath) (Nagendra, 2007). The practice of Breath Holding (Kumbhaka) is considered as an essential part of the practice of präëäyäma. Although the effects of the practice of different präëäyäma techniques have been studied, there is lack of clear understanding about the effects of kumbhaka. The traditional texts of yoga emphasize on the practice of intermittent breath holding, however, such practice has sought very limited scientific attention. The proposed multiple health benefits of intermittent yogic breath holding include an increase in hemoglobin by increasing erythropoietin, increase in vascular endothelial growth factor leading to the formation of collaterals, reduction in blood pressure and resistance to cellular damage and thereby delayed ageing (Malshe, 2011). A study demonstrated reduced pulse rate and increased galvanic skin resistance, following alternate nostril breathing (ANB) with intermittent breath holding (Turankar et al., 2013). Another study demonstrated an increase in oxygen consumption while performing Ujjayi Pranayama with breath holding for a short duration. In contrast, lowered oxygen consumption was observed with prolonged breath holding (Telles & Desiraju, 1991). Since the practice of ANB and Ujjayi Pranayama are found to influence the human physiology even without the practice of breath holding (Bhavanani, Ramanathan, Balaji, & Pushpa, 2014; Lee & Ghiya, 2012; Mason et al., 2013), the effects of intermittent breath holding remain unclear. AIM AND OBJECTIVES The present study is proposed to understand the immediate changes in the neurocognitive abilities and cardiac autonomic regulation following yogic breath holding (YBH) in healthy volunteers. The objectives of the study were to investigate the effects following the practice of YBH on i) cardiovascular responses, ii) baroreceptor sensitivity, iii) heart rate variability and iv) performance in Stop Signal Task. METHODS Participants A total of seventy-six volunteers of both genders with their ages ranging from 18 to 30 years participated in the study. They were students of a Yoga University from South India. They had a minimum experience of practice of yoga of 6 months. Design For assessing the cardiovascular and autonomic changes, we adapted self as control design, wherein, each participant was assessed twice, during the experimental and control session. The assessments were done for the duration of 5 min before and immediately after the practice of YBH or control sessions. For the assessment of performance in Stop Signal Task, repeated measures design was adapted. Each participant was assessed thrice; at baseline, following the practice of YBH and control sessions.Item IMPACT OF INTEGRATED YOGA MODULE ON LEADERSHIP COMPETENCIES OF MANAGERS BASED ON VEDANTA MODEL OF LEADERSHIP(S-VYASA, 2017) Taware, Datta S.Abstract: Leadership remains one of the most researched topics but scientific mechanisms behind the phenomenon are not yet known completely. This research work was organised with two major tasks – Developing ‗Vedanta Model of Leadership‘ which is based on extensive literature research of ancient texts especially Advaita Vedanta of Adi Shankaracharya and providing empirical evidence with yoga intervention using modern theories and measurement tools based on them. The purpose of this research was to explore the impact of Integrated Yoga Module on Leadership competencies with three measurements scales - Indian Transformational Leadership (ITL), Decision Making Style, Quality of Life (QOL) and Guna Personality Inventory and test model for leadership phenomenon. We conducted the Randomized control trial study on total 126 Managers with 90 days of intervention. Integrated Yoga Module (Yoga group) (n=63) and Physical Exercise (PhyEx group) (n=63) participants. Experiments revealed that Leadership competencies are affected by both Integrated Yoga Module and Physical Exercise significantly (p<0.001). RM ANOVA results show that Yoga group has shown high effect size than Physical Exercise and has consistent significant effect over repeated measures. Integrated Yoga Module has positive impact on most of domain variables of Indian Transformational Leadership, Decision Making Style and Quality of Life with emotional and cognitive domains requiring willpower and self control while Physical Exercise has partial inconsistent impact only on few domains of the Leadership Competencies. Integrated Yoga Module increases Satva Guna and Physical Exercise increases Rajas guna while both reduce Tamas Guna in Human System.Item Effect of yoga on health related physical fitness and psycho-motor ability in children with intellectual disability(S-VYASA, 2019-11) Pise, Vishvanath N.Background: For children with intellectual disability (ID), fitness and overall newlinefunctioning is lower as they are not active during the course of school days and have newlineless opportunities to participate in physical activities available to their peers. Moreover, newlinethey show disorders at perceptive-motor development and coordination levels. As newlinecompared to other groups with disabilities, these individuals have more functional newlinelimitations in an adaptive behavior and motor function. newlineAim: The aim of the present study is to assess an outcome of yoga practices on healthrelated physical fitness and psycho-motor performance in intellectually disabled newlinechildren. newlineMethods: A Quasi experimental pre-post- design has been used for conducting this newlineresearch study. The purposive sample is randomly assigned into the experimental group newline(n = 35; 24 male and 11 female, age group mean ±SD; 12.37±1.43 years) and the control newline(n = 35; 19 male and 16 female, age group mean ±SD; 13.0±1.7 years) group by making newlinethe use of table random numbers. Both the experimental and control groups were newlineassessed on the first day and after 12 weeks of the interventions for health-related newlinephysical fitness, static balance, eye hand co-ordination, agility and reaction time by newlineusing standardized tests. The subjects of the experimental group then underwent a newlinetraining of yoga practices, under the supervision of a yoga expert for one hour in newlineevenings, excluding Saturdays, Sundays and holidays for a total period of 12 weeks. newlineThe control group did not undergo any yoga training during this period. However, both newlinethe groups continued to participate in their regular extra-curricular activities during newlineschool hours. There were 35 subjects in each group at the baseline testing. However, at newlinethe end of 12 weeks, there were 32 subjects in the experimental group and 29 subjects in the control group because of nine drop-outs. The drop-outs were due to reasons like newlinedisinterest, illness and absence during either the pre-test or post-test. newlineResults: Health Related Physical Fitness:Item Empirical evidence for increased creative cognition and associated EEG Synchrony following experience of self during low default mode network activity in youth(S-VYASA, 2018) Shetkar, Reshma M.; Hankey, Alex; Nagendra, H. R.Background: Western science divides the creative process into four stages: preparation, incubation, illumination and verification. The scientific study of creativity now focuses on brain function studying how different brain regions are involved, suggesting that process depends on coordinated use of the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes of the brain. Brain studies indicate that EEG coherence is a bio-marker signature, suggesting that creativity involves increased integration between different brain regions. Traditional Indian approaches to understanding creativity are based on expanded states of mind described in Vedic literature. They suggest that ‘expansion of mind’ is the key step, achieved by practice of deep meditations. The disparity between the two approaches western and eastern, suggests that considering both together may bring deeper insights. Deep meditation is known to bring illumination, which is important. Brain mechanisms suggest themselves as illumination correlates with brain coherence and synchrony. Eastern wisdom may help resolve problems in the scientific approach. Eastern Literature: Certain Upaniñat, Çikñä, Yoga, and Alaìkära Çästra contain insights into the nature of creativity. The Upaniñat have deep implications for workings of the mind. Çikñä identifies four levels of speech: transcendental, ideas, linguistic thoughts, and speech. Ideas form the basis for cognition. Yoga brings access to the deepest level of consciousness Samädhi, the ‘blank’ state of mind held to be necessary for incubation; and Åtambharä Prajïä, the state where creativity arises. The works of Vyasa, Kälidäsa, and Saint Jïäneçvara, all experts in Alaìkära Çästra, offer examples of profound processes of cognition and creativity. The Upaniñat offer insights and patterns of thought that guide disciples of Masters to their own realization of illumination, and abilities to help solve humanity’s problems.Item Effect of add-on Yoga therapy on social cognition in schizophrenia(S-VYASA, 2017-11) Ramajayam, G.Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder affecting young adults with a lifetime prevalence of 1%. It’s characterized by three important symptom clusters namely positive, negative & cognitive symptoms. Except for the positive symptoms, there are no effective treatments available for the negative and cognitive symptoms. In addition, the existing treatments are not free of side effects; some causing extrapyramidal side effects and others causing metabolic side effects. Unavailability of effective biological treatments for negative and cognitive symptoms adds to the already existing burden of socio-occupational dysfunction associated with these symptom clusters. Psychosocial interventions are available targeting a few or most of the domains of social cognition with or without neurocognition training. But majority of them [for example, Cognitive Enhancement Therapy(CET), Social Cognition Interaction Training(SCIT)] are highly resource intensive and its feasibility in developing countries are questionable, though they might be effective. Moreover, they were developed among the western patient population and its cultural validity in eastern countries with more of religious inclination is yet to be tested. Hence, there is a need to explore the role of other complementary therapies like yoga for an integrated approach in treating patients with schizophrenia. Yoga as a mind-body therapy is useful in lifestyle related disorders, including neuropsychiatric disorders. In healthy adults and elderly, yoga is found to be efficacious in improving cognitive skills. Yoga has been shown to significantly improve negative symptoms and functioning in schizophrenia patients. In a recent study, along with improvements in functioning, yoga also increased oxytocin levels along with improvement in Facial Emotion Recognition Deficit (FERD) in patients with schizophrenia.(Jayaram et al., 2013). In this study, we hypothesized that practice of yoga for one month would improve social cognition in patients with schizophrenia.Item Yoga for Psychological Wellbeing of Orphan Children(S-VYASA, 2018-12) Sharma, Shambhu Dayal; Subramanya, P.; Rajesh, S.K.INTRODUCTION Orphan children are the most vulnerable individuals receiving the ill effects of the crisis and conflicts happening around the world. Orphaned children staying in the orphanages have multi-dimensional problems which encompass the domains of psychophysiological, social well-being, quality of life and other health related issues. Yoga in its classical form consisted of a system of ethical, psychological and physical practices which develops the person at biopsychosocial-spiritual level. LITERARY REVIEW Happiness is a subjective experience; its understanding differs in every person. From the review of ancient scriptures, it was very clear that happiness is a state of silence of mind. Agitation caused by lust and anger, attachment, the desire of the mind, arrogance and ignorance are the root causes for the unhappiness. Solution to achieve eternal happiness is calming down the mind. Review of scientific literature enumerates contributions and findings of various studies done in the psychological well-being in orphans. Further, emotional regulation, mental well-being, and happiness, yoga and mindfulness among children were explored. A growing number of studies have confirmed relation between psychological wellbeing and orphan hood. Further the scope of yoga as feasible intervention. AIMS The main aims of the studies were, to explore the relationship between mindfulness and psychological well-being in orphan children, and evaluate the effect of Yoga based program on psychological well-being in orphan children. METHODS SUBJECTS In this thesis, two different studies were reported. For the Study I, mindfulness and psychological well-being study, 42 Boys and 98 Girls with a mean age of 12.41 years (SD=1.18) were selected from three orphan homes in Tamil Nadu. For Yoga based program on psychological well-being – Study II, 26 Boys and 41 Girls with a mean age of 12.42 years (SD=1.03) were recruited from Good Life Centre in Tamil Nadu. DESIGN The research design was a cross-sectional (Study I), and randomized control trial (Study II). ASSESSMENT TOOLS Self-report measures were administered to understand the psychological wellbeing. Assessment tools consisted of Child and Adolescent Mindfulness Measure (CAMM), Cognitive Functioning Scale (CFS), Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (SMFQ), Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ), Short Depression Happiness Scale (SDHS) and Positive and Negative Affect Schedule for Children (PANAS-C). DATA EXTRACTION AND ANALYSIS The data was collected using self-reported questionnaires. All statistical analysis was performed using the computing environment R (version 3.4.0). Pearson correlations, Independent-samples t-tests and Paired sample t-tests procedures were used for statistical analyses.RESULTS The results of two different studies can be summarized as: 1) There was significant correlation observed between mindfulness and depression among orphan adolescents (r=-.53, p<0.01). Further, mindfulness had significant relationships to cognitive function (r=.30, p<0.01), positive affect (r=.33, p<0.01) and negative emotion (r=-.38, p<0.01). Regression analysis showed that depression accounted 39% of variance in the model contains mindfulness, positive affect, and negative affect. 2) Post yoga intervention showed statistically significant differences in mindfulness (p < 0.005 d=0.52), happiness (p < 0.023 d=0.41), depression (p < 0.002 d=0.58), suppression (p < 0.037, d=0.37), positive affect (p < 0.040 d=-0.36) and negative affect (p < 0.040, d=0.37) in yoga group, while in the control group, did not find significant differences. CONCLUSIONS This study supports the emerging literature on the benefits of mindfulness construct. Results from this first study offered initial information on the possible interaction between mindfulness and wellbeing among orphan children. Present findings will encourage the mindfulness-based interventions targeting well-being of an orphan adolescent. Further, study II results have shown promising effects of yoga-based intervention on enhancement of psychological wellbeing among orphan children. Furthermore, rigorous trials are needed to explore the long-term effect and its implication in the objective measures and to explore the underlying mechanisms.Item Potential of Rasahara and yoga in treatment of pre diabetes - A controlled trial(S-VYASA, 2017) Datey, PurnimaFood which is pre-digested and full of vitamins and minerals of all kinds should be taken to ful-fill all bodily requirements. Such food is safe to eat even when blood sugar levels are increased. Food substances should be selected for easy digestion, so that the digestive system works less as for progress on the spiritual path. This thesis hypothesized that swarasa (freshly prepared herbal juices) taken as a food supplement to replace breakfast has more therapeutic value than traditional breakfast, and are therefore to be preferred. Many Āyurveda texts like Yoga Ratnākara, describe the subtle therapeutic importance of swarasa as well as whole herbs. This study discusses forms in which herbs should be taken, Guṇas of herbs and their food supplements, effects on the body, and quantities appropriate for best nutrition. Their many health benefits make raw foods like fresh fruits and vegetables, herbs, grains, nuts, and sprouted grains, with more vitamins and minerals than cooked foods. Important dietary components. All are healthy additions to a regular diet providing missing nutrients; nor do they deposit or develop disease-generating Āma (toxins). Many studies have investigated food-related ingredients, such herbs to reduce sugar levels, for newly detected Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Others show how meal time relates to weight loss. Some show that yoga relaxation programs like Cyclic Meditation reduce sugar levels in both new and old T2DM patients. This study reports combined effects of Rasāhāra and Yoga. In Āyurveda, diet is a primary pillar of health. Food is an internal factor contributing to health and disease. The review of ancient literature quotes texts stating the importance of Āhāra-Vihāra for Prameha. Right herbs in correct quantity can restore their health. The scientific literature review concerns importance of breakfast modification, properties of the four herbs and yoga practices used to treat early T2DM and other diseases, to restore health and wellbeing. The study aim was to conduct a 3-arm controlled trial assessing effects of Rasāhāra and Yoga, or Yoga only on T2DM, metabolic disorder, and prameha markers in early T2DM. Objectives included recruiting enough participants to obtain required significances; measuring 5 biomedical parameters every 15 days; pre-post assessment of 10 other biomedical parameters, Āyurveda doša balas and related variables; to maintain participants on a regimen restricting variations in diet and lifestyle; and to evaluate any adverse events or side effects. Methods: The study was conducted at Bhopal Central Jail on male subjects, aged 18 to 70 years. Inclusion criteria: pre-T2DM patients with blood sugar levels, FBS: 100-170; PPBS: 150-220 mg/dl. Exclusion criteria: inability to practice Yoga; very low BMI; mental disorder; already with diabetes complications. Jail Hospital authorities helped with data extraction costs. The design was a three-arm controlled trial as above, with wait-listed controls under physician’s observation. Interventions were as described above: the four Rasāhāra herbs were Wheatgrass (Triticum Aestivum), Āmalaki (Emblica officinalis Gaertn), Guḍuci (Tinospora cordifolia), and Vāsā (Adhatoda vasica Nees) The Yoga program for Diabetes to Group 1 & 2. Group 2 ate normal breakfast. Group 3 (Controls) followed their normal jail routine. Assessments measured T2DM Markers (BMI, HbA1c, FBS, & PPBS); related parameters, lipid profile, SBP, DBP & pulse rate, Haemoglobin and creatinine; Breath Holding Time (Bhrāmari), and Doṣa Balas and related Guṇas. Data collection was by blinded Jail Hospital personnel. All blood samples were analysed blind to participant groups and trial hypotheses at Śagun Pathology laboratories, Bhopal. Data analysis used Excel and Graph Pad QuickCalcs, and SPSS-20 at S-VYASA. Results were as follows: for Conventional T2DM Markers BMI no changes; FBS and PPBS decreased for Groups 1 & 2, and increased for Group 3; Hb1Ac remained steady for Groups 1 & 2, but increased for controls. Blood lipid levels Groups 1 & 2 tended to improve values of ‘good’, and decrease values of ‘bad, lipoproteins; Controls did the reverse. Heart and hypertension parameters showed consistent decrease in standard deviations for Groups 1 and 2 implying that Yoga’s influence is to normalize blood pressure, correcting hypertension and raising low blood pressure: striking results. Changes in Hb levels were good in Group 1, none in Group 2, but decrease in Group 3. Changes in Creatinine levels: Groups 1 and 2 improved, but Group 3 got worse agreeing with other studies on Yoga and CKD. Group differences imply that Yoga helps prevent nephropathy, T2DM’s deadly complication. Breath holding time increased significantly in both Groups 1 and 2 while it decreased in control group. Seasonal Change: systematic shifts at change of season were a Post hoc discovery of importance to all medical science. Though stated in Āyurveda, the phenomenon is not known to medical science. This first study of Rasāhāra and Yoga for pre-diabetes in a prison setting in India shows that prisoners can benefit from yoga prison programs, especially those with elevated blood sugar and blood pressure levels. Follow-up studies should obtain more robust data so that Yoga may be added to India’s prison programs. The study was the first to confirm Rasāhāra’s value as a food supplement replacing normal breakfast. Those not practicing yoga regularly increased BP and pulse rates. Initially, all participants showed increased Kapha-Pitta Doṣa Balas confirming Āyurveda texts. Group 1 improved in Kapha-Pitta more than Group 2, both did better on all Dosha Balas than controls, confirming the values of their interventions. Results point to the efficacy of IAYT Yoga practice combined with strict āhāra-vihāra for treatment of newly diagnosed T2DM, especially benefits of breakfast modification. Addition of Rasāhāra herbal juices is a cheap alternative to long-term use of chemical drugs, which fail to improve underlying pathology. They support all study hypotheses. Further studies of Rasāhāra treatment are merited, particularly in rural areas, where it would be easy to implement.