G. SVYASA Ph. D. Theses
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Yoga Theses by Yoga PhD Students at SVYASA. These pages present some efforts at Scientific Validation of Yoga. You may receive full text of available yoga research papers
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Item Neurocognitve and Psychophysiological changes associated with Kumbhaka - Yogic breath holding(S-VYASA, 2018) Apar Avinash, Saoji; Sharma, N.K. Manjunath; Bhat, RaghavendraPräëäyäma is the 4th limb, among the practices of añöängayoga. It has been described in the as cessation of breathing, in the aphorisms of the sage Patanjali (Saraswati, 2011). The practice of präëäyäma involves modulation of breath and includes three phases viz., püraka (inhalation), recaka (exhalation) and kumbhaka (holding of breath) (Nagendra, 2007). The practice of Breath Holding (Kumbhaka) is considered as an essential part of the practice of präëäyäma. Although the effects of the practice of different präëäyäma techniques have been studied, there is lack of clear understanding about the effects of kumbhaka. The traditional texts of yoga emphasize on the practice of intermittent breath holding, however, such practice has sought very limited scientific attention. The proposed multiple health benefits of intermittent yogic breath holding include an increase in hemoglobin by increasing erythropoietin, increase in vascular endothelial growth factor leading to the formation of collaterals, reduction in blood pressure and resistance to cellular damage and thereby delayed ageing (Malshe, 2011). A study demonstrated reduced pulse rate and increased galvanic skin resistance, following alternate nostril breathing (ANB) with intermittent breath holding (Turankar et al., 2013). Another study demonstrated an increase in oxygen consumption while performing Ujjayi Pranayama with breath holding for a short duration. In contrast, lowered oxygen consumption was observed with prolonged breath holding (Telles & Desiraju, 1991). Since the practice of ANB and Ujjayi Pranayama are found to influence the human physiology even without the practice of breath holding (Bhavanani, Ramanathan, Balaji, & Pushpa, 2014; Lee & Ghiya, 2012; Mason et al., 2013), the effects of intermittent breath holding remain unclear. AIM AND OBJECTIVES The present study is proposed to understand the immediate changes in the neurocognitive abilities and cardiac autonomic regulation following yogic breath holding (YBH) in healthy volunteers. The objectives of the study were to investigate the effects following the practice of YBH on i) cardiovascular responses, ii) baroreceptor sensitivity, iii) heart rate variability and iv) performance in Stop Signal Task. METHODS Participants A total of seventy-six volunteers of both genders with their ages ranging from 18 to 30 years participated in the study. They were students of a Yoga University from South India. They had a minimum experience of practice of yoga of 6 months. Design For assessing the cardiovascular and autonomic changes, we adapted self as control design, wherein, each participant was assessed twice, during the experimental and control session. The assessments were done for the duration of 5 min before and immediately after the practice of YBH or control sessions. For the assessment of performance in Stop Signal Task, repeated measures design was adapted. Each participant was assessed thrice; at baseline, following the practice of YBH and control sessions.Item Psycho physiological Effects of two Meditative States Described in yoga Texts.(2013-01-17) Bhat, RaghavendraABSTRACT BACKGROUND In ancient yoga texts, there are two meditative states described. One is dhäraëä, which requires focusing, the second is dhyäna, during which there is no focusing, but an expansive mental state is reached. The earlier study on changes in brainstem auditory evoked potentials following four mental states described in yoga texts viz., caïcalatä (random thinking), ekägratä (focusing without meditation), dhäraëä (focused meditation) and dhyäna (meditative defocussing or effortless meditation) showed significant increase in wave V peak latency during caïcalatä, ekägratä and dhäraëä but not in dhyäna (Kumar et al., 2010). The results suggest that dhyäna practice alone does not delay auditory information transmission at the brainstem level, whereas caïcalatä, ekägratä and dhäraëä showed delay in auditory information processing at the inferior collicular level since the wave V corresponds to that level. Another study assessed the performance in a cancellation task at the beginning and end of the four types of session viz., caïcalatä, ekägratä, dhäraëä, and dhyäna (Kumar & Telles, 2009). The performance in cancellation task improved significantly after dhäraëä and was worse after caïcalatä, suggesting better attention after dhäraëä. The changes in mid-latency auditory evoked potentials during these four mental states have not been studied.